Deng Xiaoping,also known by his courtesy name Xixian (希贤),was a Chinese revolutionary leader,military commander and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989. After Mao Zedong's death in 1976,Deng gradually rose to supreme power and led China through a series of far-reaching market-economy reforms earning him the reputation as the "Architect of Modern China". He contributed to China becoming the world's largest economy in terms of its purchasing power in 2014.
The People's Republic of China is run by a single party,the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),headed by the CCP General Secretary who serves as the paramount leader of China. State power within the People's Republic of China (PRC) is exercised through the CCP,the Central People's Government and its provincial and local representation. The state uses Internal Reference,secret documents produced by Xinhua News Agency,similar to the United States' President's Daily Brief. China's two special administrative regions (SARs),Hong Kong and Macau,have independent multi-party systems and are separate from the mainland's one-party system.
Zhao Ziyang was a Chinese politician. He was the third premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987,vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1982,and CCP general secretary from 1987 to 1989. He was in charge of the political reforms in China from 1986,but lost power in connection with the reformative neoauthoritarianism current and his support of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.
Yang Shangkun was a Chinese Communist military and political leader,President of the People's Republic of China from 1988 to 1993,and one of the Eight Elders that dominated the Party after the death of Mao Zedong.
Li Xiannian was a Chinese Communist military and political leader,President of the People's Republic of China from 1983 to 1988 under Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping and then Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 1988 until his death. He was a full member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1987,and of its Standing Committee from 1977 to 1987.
Bo Xilai is a Chinese former politician who was convicted on bribery and embezzlement charges. He came to prominence through his tenures as Mayor of Dalian and then the governor of Liaoning. From 2004 to November 2007,he served as Minister of Commerce. Between 2007 and 2012,he served as a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing,a major interior municipality. He is generally considered as the main political rival of Xi Jinping before Xi was elected to be the Paramount Leader of China.
The time period in China from the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 until the Tianamen Square protests in 1989 is often known as Dengist China. In September 1976,after Chairman Mao Zedong's death,the People's Republic of China was left with no central authority figure,either symbolically or administratively. The Gang of Four was dismantled,but new Chairman Hua Guofeng continued to persist on Mao-era policies. After a bloodless power struggle,Deng Xiaoping came to the helm to reform the Chinese economy and government institutions in their entirety. Deng,however,was conservative with regard to wide-ranging political reform,and along with the combination of unforeseen problems that resulted from the economic reform policies,the country underwent another political crisis,culminating in the crackdown of massive pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square.
The Chinese New Left is a term used in the People's Republic of China to describe a diverse range of left-wing political philosophies that emerged in the 1990s that are critical of the economic reforms instituted under Deng Xiaoping,which emphasized policies of market liberalization and privatization to promote economic growth and modernization. Chinese academic Wang Hui links the emergence of New Leftism with the financial crisis of 1997 and the 1999 United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade,which damaged the credibility of liberalism in China,as well as the 1989 Tiananmen suppressions.
Social issues in China are wide-ranging,and are a combined result of Chinese economic reforms set in place in the late 1970s,the nation's political and cultural history,and an immense population. Due to the significant number of social problems that have existed throughout the country,China's government has faced difficulty in trying to remedy the issues. Many of these issues are exposed by the Chinese media,while subjects that may contain politically sensitive issues may be censored. Some academics hold that China's fragile social balance,combined with a bubble economy makes China a very unstable country,while others argue China's societal trends have created a balance to sustain itself.
Xiao Yang was a Chinese judge and politician. He served as Minister of Justice from 1993 to 1998 and President of the Supreme People's Court from 1998 to 2008. His tenure as China's Chief Justice was marked by the implementation of major reforms. A key reform was his restoration of the Supreme Court's right of final review for capital punishment cases,which resulted in a sharp reduction in the number of executions in China after 2006. Another of his reforms was to professionalize the rank of judges by requiring most new judges to pass the National Judicial Examination. He also advocated judicial independence in the country,but was ultimately unsuccessful.
Zhang Dejiang is a retired Chinese politician. He served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress,roughly the equivalent of a speaker of parliament in other countries between 2013 and 2018. He was also a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China,deputy head of the National Security Commission and the top official responsible for Hong Kong and Macau affairs.
Wang Yang is a Chinese politician. He is a member of the Politburo Standing Committee,and Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Wang was one of the four Vice Premiers of China in Premier Li Keqiang Cabinet between 2013 and 2018. Until December 2012,he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong,the province's top political office. He served as the party secretary of Chongqing,an interior municipality,from 2005 to 2007. Wang also held a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China beginning in 2007.
The 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party began on November 8,2012 at the Great Hall of the People. It was preceded by the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. Due to term and age limits restrictions,seven of the nine members of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) retired during the Congress,including Hu Jintao,who was replaced by Xi Jinping as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The Congress elected the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,and saw the number of Politburo Standing Committee seats reduced from nine to seven. It was succeeded by the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
Huang Qifan is a Chinese politician,best known for his term as the Mayor of Chongqing,one of China's four directly-controlled municipalities,between 2010 and 2016. Huang began his political career in Shanghai and was transferred to Chongqing in 2001 as its Deputy Mayor,before being promoted to Mayor in 2010.
Cake theory is a metaphor about economic development and the redistribution of wealth in the political discourse of China. It emerged in 2010 as problems with an increased wealth gap became gradually more apparent. If economic development is seen as analogous to baking a cake,one side of the debate suggests that development should focus on 'dividing the cake more fairly,' while the other says development should be focused on 'baking a bigger cake.'
The "Chongqing model" refers to a series of social and economic policies adopted in the Chinese megalopolis of Chongqing. It is most closely associated with Bo Xilai,who served as the city's Communist Party secretary from 2007 to 2012,though some policies were put in place by Bo's predecessors.
Yang Rudai was a politician of the People's Republic of China (PRC). He served as the Communist Party Chief of Sichuan,then China's most populous province,and was the first native Sichuanese to become the top leader of the province since the founding of the PRC. He was a member of the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party,the top governing body of China. Yang was considered a protégéof the purged reformist leader Zhao Ziyang.
The Jasic incident was a labour dispute in Pingshan District,Shenzhen of the Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China between labour organizers and Chinese authorities that lasted from July to August 2018.
Yue Xin is a Chinese student activist and graduate from Peking University who disappeared on 23 August 2018,following her participation in the Jasic labour dispute. A Marxist and feminist,she was known for her advocacy of labour and women's rights prior to her disappearance.
Deng Xiaoping's southern tour,or 1992 southern tour,was the tour of Deng Xiaoping,retired Paramount leader of China,in southern China,including in Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Guangzhou and Shanghai,from January 18 to February 21,1992. The talks and remarks made by Deng during the tour resumed and reinforced the implementation of his "Reforms and Opening-up" program in mainland China,which came to a halt after the military crackdown on 1989 Tiananmen Square protests ordered by Deng himself. The 1992 Southern Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in the modern history of China,as it saved the Chinese economic reform as well as the capital market,and preserved the stability of the society.
