Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese revolutionary and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1989. After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976,Deng rose to power and led China through a period of Reform and Opening Up that transformed China's economy into a socialist market economy. He is widely regarded as the "Architect of Modern China" for his contributions to socialism with Chinese characteristics and Deng Xiaoping Theory.
Wang Zhaoming,widely known by his pen name Wang Jingwei,was a Chinese politician who was president of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China,a puppet state of the Empire of Japan. He was initially a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT),leading a government in Wuhan in opposition to the right-wing Nationalist government in Nanjing,but later became increasingly anti-communist after his efforts to collaborate with the Chinese Communist Party ended in political failure.
Zhao Ziyang was a Chinese politician. He was the premier of China from 1980 to 1987,vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1982,and CCP general secretary from 1987 to 1989. He was in charge of the political reforms in China from 1986,but lost power for his support of the 1989 Tian'anmen Square protests.
Yang Shangkun was a Chinese Communist military and political leader,president of the People's Republic of China from 1988 to 1993,and one of the Eight Elders that dominated the party after the death of Mao Zedong.
Bo Xilai is a Chinese former politician who was convicted on bribery and embezzlement charges. He came to prominence through his tenures as Mayor of Dalian and then the governor of Liaoning. From 2004 to November 2007,he served as Minister of Commerce. Between 2007 and 2012,he served as a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing,a major interior municipality. He was generally considered the main political rival of Xi Jinping before Xi became the paramount leader of China.
The time period in China from the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 until the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre is often known as Dengist China. In September 1976,after Chairman Mao Zedong's death,the People's Republic of China was left with no central authority figure,either symbolically or administratively. The Gang of Four was purged,but new Chairman Hua Guofeng insisted on continuing Maoist policies. After a bloodless power struggle,Deng Xiaoping came to the helm to reform the Chinese economy and government institutions in their entirety. Deng,however,was conservative with regard to wide-ranging political reform,and along with the combination of unforeseen problems that resulted from the economic reform policies,the country underwent another political crisis,culminating in the crackdown of massive pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square.
The Chinese New Left is a term used in the People's Republic of China to describe a diverse range of left-wing political philosophies that emerged in the 1990s that are critical of the economic reforms instituted under Deng Xiaoping,which emphasized policies of market liberalization and privatization to promote economic growth and modernization.
Xiao Yang was a Chinese judge and politician. He served as minister of Justice from 1993 to 1998 and president of the Supreme People's Court from 1998 to 2008. His tenure as China's Chief Justice was marked by the implementation of major reforms. A key reform was his restoration of the Supreme Court's right of final review for capital punishment cases,which resulted in a sharp reduction in the number of executions in China after 2006. Another of his reforms was to professionalize the rank of judges by requiring most new judges to pass the National Judicial Examination. He also advocated judicial independence in the country,but was ultimately unsuccessful.
Zhang Dejiang is a Chinese retired politician who served as the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress between 2013 and 2018. He was also the third-ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party from 2012 to 2017.
Wang Yang is a Chinese retired politician who served as the chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 2018 to 2023. He was also the fourth-ranking member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party from 2017 to 2022.
Hu Qiaomu was a Chinese sociologist,Marxist philosopher and politician.
The 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party was held November 8–14,2012 at the Great Hall of the People. Due to term limits and age restrictions,seven of the nine members of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) retired during the Congress,including Hu Jintao,who was replaced by Xi Jinping as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The Congress elected the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,and saw the number of Politburo Standing Committee seats reduced from nine to seven.
The Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle,also known domestically as reform and opening-up,refers to a variety of economic reforms termed "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "socialist market economy" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began in the late 20th century,after Mao Zedong's death in 1976. Guided by Deng Xiaoping,who is often credited as the "General Architect",the reforms were launched by reformists within the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on December 18,1978,during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period. The reforms briefly went into stagnation after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,but were revived after Deng Xiaoping's southern tour in 1992. The reforms led to significant economic growth for China within the successive decades;this phenomenon has since been seen as an "economic miracle". In 2010,China overtook Japan as the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP,before overtaking the United States in 2016 as the world's largest economy by GDP (PPP). On the other hand,a parallel set of political reforms were launched by Deng and his allies in the 1980s,but eventually ended in 1989 due to the crackdown on Tiananmen Square protests,halting further political liberalization.
Huang Qifan is a Chinese politician,best known for his term as the Mayor of Chongqing,one of China's four directly-controlled municipalities,between 2010 and 2016. Huang began his political career in Shanghai and was transferred to Chongqing in 2001 as its Deputy Mayor,before being promoted to Mayor in 2010.
Cake theory is a metaphor about economic development and the redistribution of wealth in the political discourse of China. It emerged in 2010 as problems with an increased wealth gap became gradually more apparent. If economic development is seen as analogous to baking a cake,one side of the debate suggests that development should focus on "dividing the cake more fairly",while the other says development should be focused on "baking a bigger cake".
The "Chongqing model" was a series of social and economic policies adopted in the Chinese megalopolis of Chongqing. It is most closely associated with Bo Xilai,who served as the city's Communist Party secretary from 2007 to 2012,though some policies were put in place by Bo's predecessors.
Yang Rudai was a politician of the People's Republic of China (PRC). He served as the Communist Party Chief of Sichuan,then China's most populous province,and was the first native Sichuanese to become the top leader of the province since the founding of the PRC. He was a member of the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party,the top governing body of China. Yang was considered a protégéof the purged reformist leader Zhao Ziyang.
The Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs is an internal policy coordination group of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),reporting to the CCP Politburo,in charge of supervising and coordinating Beijing's policies towards the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
Yue Xin is a Chinese student activist and graduate from Peking University who disappeared on 23 August 2018,following her participation in the Jasic labour dispute. A Marxist and feminist,she was known for her advocacy of labour and women's rights prior to her disappearance.
Deng Xiaoping's southern tour,or 1992 southern tour,or simply Nanxun was the tour of Deng Xiaoping,the former Paramount leader of China,in southern China,including in Shenzhen,Zhuhai,Guangzhou and Shanghai,from January 18 to February 21,1992. The talks and remarks made by Deng during the tour resumed and reinforced the implementation of his "Reforms and Opening-up" program in mainland China,which had come to a halt after the military crackdown on 1989 Tiananmen Square protests ordered by Deng himself. After Tiananmen Square,there was a lack of belief in the Chinese Communist Party both at home and abroad. The US and EU both issued arms embargos while the World Bank and Asian Development Bank stopped issuing loans to China. The 1992 Southern Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in the modern history of China,as it saved the Chinese economic reform as well as the capital market,and preserved societal stability. It not only preserved stability inside of China,but it was reassuring to foreign countries who had begun to invest large amounts of money into China.
