Guiding Eyes for the Blind was founded in 1954 by Donald Z. Kauth in a 19th-century farmhouse. Since then, it has graduated over 7,300 guide dog teams and placed 61 service dogs in homes with families with autistic people. All guide dogs are provided to recipients free of charge.
In 1966, Guiding Eyes began breeding their own dogs, and currently breeds more than 90% of the dogs used by the school.[2]
The Canine Development Center (CDC), located in Patterson, New York, is where guide dogs begin their careers. The center's activities include breeding, birthing, socializing, screening, and placing high-potential puppies in puppy-raising homes. Dogs are bred through selective breeding, aiming to maximize qualities required for a working guide dog and minimize health problems that could disrupt or shorten a guide dog's working years.
There are approximately 500 puppies bred at Guiding Eyes each year, half of which become working dogs.[citation needed] The training center also developed a curriculum and training program for those students with multiple disabilities such as deafness or orthopedic problems, in addition to their visual impairment. The Special Needs Program gives selected guide dogs additional training designed for a specific students' unique requirements.[3]
In 2007, the Canine Development Center staff engaged in extensive research in puppy training. Guiding Eyes also acquired an in-house Veterinary Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine (MRI).[4] In 2011, Guiding Eyes launched its One Step Ahead campaign, a fundraising drive to raise $8 million to build a world-class puppy training academy on its Patterson property.[4]
Breeding
Guiding Eyes for the Blind breeds Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds.[5] The most commonly used breed is the Labrador Retriever. Most of the dogs are bred from their breeding colony located in Patterson, New York. Dogs are bred for health, confidence, and temperament. The breeding program of Guiding Eyes for the Blind began in 1966.
Dogs are neutered or spayed when they go back to Guiding Eyes. They are then evaluated and the dogs deemed to be the highest quality are selected to participate in breeding programs to pass on their desirable traits to future generations of guide dogs. The dogs undergo further evaluation, including a medical exam, to determine if they are suitable candidates for the breeding program, focusing on hip quality and behavior. In addition to examining the dog, its siblings' progress and health is considered as well, with the dogs that are considered as suitable candidates continuing on to Guide Dog training.[6] The school has had success with the breeding of Labrador Retrievers, with their dogs showing a lower incidence of hip dysplasia than other Labrador Retrievers.[citation needed]
A study done by Cornell University Veterinary School looked at 1,498 dogs from Guiding Eyes for the Blind. The study took measurements of hip joint quality. This included 1,236 connected dogs over 17 generations from a particular male dog. Over half of the Labrador Retrievers were bred at the Guiding Eyes for the Blind facility. Dogs with more accurate breeding values produced more progeny, with clustering of breeding values with higher accuracy indicative of better hip joint confirmation. Overall the study concluded that the selection of dogs for hip joint quality resulted in genetic improvement predominantly in the last 10 to 15 years [citation needed].
Dog Raising
First 9 weeks
Dog training begins immediately after a guide dog is born. The dogs are born in the Whelping Kennel facility of Guiding Eyes for the Blind (GEB), located in Patterson, New York. The first nine weeks of guide dog training consist of exposure to various environments and experiences to help with their emotional and intellectual development. Volunteers interact with the dogs on a daily basis fostering the bond that must be present between guide dogs and their human companions.[5] In addition, massages are performed on the puppies to help the dogs become familiar with being handled and improve the dogs' health. [citation needed]
Aside from socialization, the dogs are also taught a few basic commands and guide dog etiquette, such as crate and toileting etiquette. The socializers introduce the dogs to the crate early on so that they are familiar with it, focusing on getting the dogs to have a positive attitude towards the crate. The dogs are also house trained and taught to alert their human companion when they need to urinate or defecate. [6]
9 weeks-18 months
After the dog reaches anywhere from 7–9 weeks, they are then matched with a volunteer Puppy Raiser screened by GEB. During this period, the dogs go through training that could be classified as extended socialization.[5] The puppy raisers take the dogs home and teach them how a guide dog is supposed to interact with the outside world. More commands are introduced to the dog, including "stand", "down", "stay", "touch", "back", "heel" and "close". Dogs also learn to keep calm, ignore distractions, and obey their owners in a variety of situations.
During this time, the dogs learn how to greet other people and how to interact with different social settings. To keep track of a dog's progress as well as their training and their raisers, GEB has puppy classes for the raiser/dog pairs. At these classes, the training methods are enforced and the raiser and dog get to practice the commands in a controlled environment. GEB also provides veterinary care for the dogs. During this time, other volunteers will take care of the dogs for a short period of time, exposing them to different environments.[7][8]
Multi-generational fostering
A 2011 multi-generational volunteer dog foster program at Atlantic Shores in Virginia Beach, Virginia, brought together qualified retirement community residents and elementary school students.[9] The foster puppies lived with selected senior citizens in the Atlantic Shores retirement community, where the dogs had early exposure to elevators, sidewalks, ramps, wheelchairs, and sliding doors—elements that mirrored the conditions in the second phase, when dogs receive 18 months of formal training.[9][10] Beginning at 11 weeks of age, the dogs went out to local elementary schools, where classes instructed students about the guide dog service and proper interaction with guide dogs. Students also created their own reporting segments and followed the progress of the guide dogs via class broadcasts on the schools' television feeds.[9]
Formal Training
After a dog reaches 13–18 months, they are returned to Guiding Eyes for an In For Training (IFT) test. This test provides information on how well the dog handles stress without a familiar person to support them. If a dog does not do well on their IFT or if they have had a history of consistent insecurities or poor adaptability with their raisers, they are usually released from the program at this point. Other dogs that pass and show promise are either often re-evaluated or start with the training program.[11] Other dogs will join the Guiding Eyes breeding colony, and become parents to future generations of Guiding Eyes dogs.
It takes roughly four months to train a guide dog, with an additional month to train the new owner with the dog. During this time, dogs increase their command vocabulary with more advanced commands such as "find the crossing" and "find the door". The reason for this type of training is for the dog to be able to use their initiative instead of direct obedience.[12] Most of the formal training is done in day-to-day environments like suburbs, busy streets, and rural areas. The only artificial methods of training involve obstacles and traffic work.
The dog learns how to travel to the left and to the right of the obstacles, with a preference that the unit (dog and handler) travel to the right so that the dog is between the obstacle and the owner. At this point in training, the dog is in a full harness.[12]In addition to working on obstacles, there is also traffic work. First, a dog learns to stop at all intersections. The handler then listens whether it is safe to cross or not before giving the command to proceed. However, if a car is coming, the dog will disobey the command and wait for the road to be clear before crossing. To ensure that the training is complete, the handler will often go through the process with the dog wearing a blindfold to make sure that the dog is prepared for their new handler.[12]
Matching a guide dog to a blind person is arguably the most important part of the entire process. Any blind person can apply for the course; however, they receive an in-depth home interview and then are evaluated based on their physical abilities and personalities, before being matched with a dog.[2] The guide dogs and students then meet and spend 26 days at the Yorktown Heights training facility learning to work safely with each other. The four-month process the dogs just went through is approximately repeated, but at a faster pace. At the conclusion of this training, a graduation ceremony is held in celebration of the new partnerships, and puppy raisers get to see their dogs become full-fledged guide dogs. After graduation, Guiding Eyes instructors provide follow-up services, as needed, to graduates in order to provide assistance, suggestions and general support as required. The average working life of a dog is 8–10 years. If possible, the dog will live out his life in the home with the handler. Alternatively, Guiding Eyes will facilitate retired dogs being placed into loving homes.[2]
Career Change Dogs
Not every dog who joins the Guiding Eyes program goes on to become a guiding dog. Even dogs who pass their IFTs and go through formal training are sometimes ruled unsuited to become guide dogs. However, some of the personality and temperament traits that make a dog unsuitable for guide dog work are also ideal for detection or patrol work.[11]
Finances
Guiding Eyes is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, funded via private donations.[13] The school does not charge tuition; rather, the dogs, training, students' room and board for 26 days and a follow-up support are provided at no cost to the student.[13]
According to Charity Navigator, GEB had income of $19 million for fiscal year 2009/2010 and assets of $50 million.[14] GEB is an accredited BBB organization[15] and has received a 54.57 rating, or three of four possible stars, at Charity Navigator, not meeting criteria for transparency related to the process of determining compensation of the CEO and not meeting criteria for audited financials.[14]
GEB's biggest fundraiser is an annual golf tournament which has been hosted for the past six years by Eli Manning, quarterback for the New York Giants.[16] The tournament was founded by former professional golfer and golf broadcaster Ken Venturi in 1977 and each year awards the Corcoran Cup, named after Fred Corcoran.[16][17] GEB's founder, Don Kauth, had encouraged Richard "Dick" Ryan to start a golf tournament. Ryan, an attorney, was GEB's board chairman and represented Augusta National Golf Club. Ryan agreed, naming the tournament after his business partner, Corcoran.[18] The golf tournament, sponsored by Entergy, Pepsi and others, has raised over $7 million for Guiding Eyes since its creation in 1977.[16]
Since 2008, Guiding Eyes has operated an e-storefront with Lands' End via that company's Business Outfitters division.[19] Customers can order clothing embroidered with logos associated with the dog breeds bred and trained by Guiding Eyes in their work: yellow and black Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and German Shepherds. The artwork was produced by a company in Norwalk, Connecticut, TFI/Envision.[19]
In 2010, Guiding Eyes initiated expansion of its canine development center from 16,000 square feet to 30,000 square feet in a three-phase $7.8 million construction project.[20] The first phase included a whelping kennel and outdoor work area, the second phase (projected for 2013) will include a breeding and puppy socialization kennel, and the third phase will include a 1,500-square foot veterinary hospital.[20]
Guide dogs are assistance dogs trained to lead blind or visually impaired people around obstacles. Although dogs can be trained to navigate various obstacles, they are red–green colour blind and incapable of interpreting street signs. The human does the directing, based on skills acquired through previous mobility training. The handler might be likened to an aircraft's navigator, who must know how to get from one place to another, and the dog is the pilot, who gets them there safely. In several countries guide dogs, along with most other service and hearing dogs, are exempt from regulations against the presence of animals in places such as restaurants and public transportation.
The Labrador Retriever or simply Labrador is a British breed of retriever gun dog. It was developed in the United Kingdom from St. John's water dogs imported from the colony of Newfoundland, and was named after the Labrador region of that colony. It is among the most commonly kept dogs in several countries, particularly in the European world.
The German Shepherd, also known in Britain as an Alsatian, is a German breed of working dog of medium to large size. The breed was developed by Max von Stephanitz using various traditional German herding dogs from 1899.
An assistance dog is a dog that receives specialized training to aid an individual with a disability in navigating everyday life. Assistance dogs can be trained by an organization, or by their handler.
A retriever is a type of gun dog that retrieves game for a hunter. Generally gun dogs are divided into three major classifications: retrievers, flushing spaniels, and pointing breeds. Retrievers were bred primarily to retrieve birds or other prey and return them to the hunter without damage; retrievers are distinguished in that nonslip retrieval is their primary function. As a result, retriever breeds are bred for soft mouths and a great willingness to please, learn, and obey. A soft mouth refers to the willingness of the dog to carry game in its mouth without biting into it. "Hard mouth" is a serious fault in a hunting dog and is very difficult to correct. A hard-mouthed dog renders game unpresentable or at worst inedible.
The Goldendoodle is a designer dog created by crossbreeding a Golden Retriever and a Poodle. First widely bred in the 1990s, they are bred in three different sizes—each corresponding to the size of Poodle used as a parent.
A labradoodle is a crossbreed dog created by crossing a Labrador Retriever and a Standard or Miniature Poodle. Labradoodles were intended to be a good choice for people with canine dander allergies.
A police dog, also known as a K-9, is a dog that is trained to assist police and other law enforcement officers. Their duties may include searching for drugs and explosives, locating missing people, finding crime scene evidence, protecting officers and other people, and attacking suspects who flee from officers. The breeds most commonly used by law enforcement are the German Shepherd, Belgian Malinois, Bloodhound, Dutch Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever. In recent years, the Belgian Malinois has become the leading choice for police and military work due to their intense drive, focus, agility, and smaller size, though German Shepherds remain the breed most associated with law enforcement.
The Leonberger is a giant dog breed, whose name derives from the city of Leonberg in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The St. John's water dog, also known as the St. John's dog or the lesser Newfoundland, is an extinct landrace of domestic dog from Newfoundland. Little is known of the types that went into its genetic makeup, although it was probably a random-bred mix of old English, Irish and Portuguese working dogs. They were favourite dogs of fishermen because they had extraordinary qualities like good temperament and working behaviour. The number of St. John's water dogs started declining by the beginning of the 20th century. By the early 1980s, the landrace was extinct.
A search-and-rescue (SAR) dog is a dog trained to respond to crime scenes, accidents, missing persons events, as well as natural or man-made disasters. These dogs detect human scent, which is a distinct odor of skin flakes and water and oil secretions unique to each person and have been known to find people under water, snow, and collapsed buildings, as well as remains buried underground. SAR dogs are a non-invasive aid in the location of humans, alive or deceased.
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a group of genetic diseases seen in certain breeds of dogs and, more rarely, cats. Similar to retinitis pigmentosa in humans, it is characterized by the bilateral degeneration of the retina, causing progressive vision loss culminating in blindness. The condition in nearly all breeds is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, with the exception of the Siberian Husky (inherited as an X chromosome linked trait) and the Bullmastiff (inherited as an autosomal dominant trait). There is no treatment.
The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association, known colloquially as Guide Dogs, is a British charitable organisation that uses guide dogs to help blind and partially blind people. The organisation also participates in political activism for the rights of those with vision impairments.
The Seeing Eye, Inc. is a guide dog school located in Morris Township, New Jersey, in the United States. Founded in 1929, the Seeing Eye is the oldest guide dog school in the U.S., and one of the largest.
Guide Dogs for the Blind (GDB) is a guide dog school located in the United States, with campuses in San Rafael, California, and Boring, Oregon. It was founded in 1942 by Lois Merrihew and Don Donaldson to help veterans who had been blinded in World War II. Guide Dogs for the Blind has about 2100 Guide Dog teams across the United States and Canada.
Canine Companions for Independence is a US-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that trains and provides assistance dogs. As of 2018, it has placed over 6,000 assistance dogs with recipients at no charge.
The Golden Retriever is a Scottish breed of retriever dog of medium size. It is characterised by a gentle and affectionate nature and a striking golden coat. It is a working dog, and registration is subject to successful completion of a working trial. It is commonly kept as a pet and is among the most frequently registered breeds in several Western countries; some may compete in dog shows or obedience trials, or work as a guide dog.
Exercise-induced collapse (EIC) is a genetic disorder that causes dogs of certain breeds to collapse after a period of intense exercise. The breeds affected are primarily sporting dogs.
NEADS Inc. is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit program that provides trained service dogs to people who have physical disabilities or who are deaf or hearing impaired; veterans with PTSD; and children with autism or other developmental disabilities.
↑ "About Fred Corcoran". FredCorcoran.com. At that time, Dick Ryan was the Board Chairman of Guiding Eyes for the Blind. Don Kauth, the founder of Guiding Eyes, desperately wanted a PGA tour golf tournament to benefit the guide dog school, but golf was in one of its heydays and tournament beneficiaries needed to stand in line. Instead, Ryan suggested a celebrity Pro-Am tournament that would make blind golfers the "stars" of the event. Jack Ward, a friend of Ryan's and member of Mount Kisco Country Club, signed on as Chairman of the Golf Committee and worked tirelessly to secure sponsors and financial support for the event. At the same time, Dick Ryan suggested they name the trophy for the winning blind golfer after Fred Corcoran, who had recently died, and donated the Corcoran Cup trophy. This was an appropriate remembrance for a long-time resident of Westchester and a man who loved an original idea.
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