Paul Eugen Bleuler was a Swiss psychiatrist and humanist most notable for his contributions to the understanding of mental illness. He coined several psychiatric terms including "schizophrenia", "schizoid", "autism", depth psychology and what Sigmund Freud called "Bleuler's happily chosen term ambivalence".
Prenatal psychology can be seen as a part of developmental psychology, although historically it was developed in the heterogenous field of psychoanalysis. Its scope is the description and explanation of experience and behaviour of the individual before birth and postnatal consequences as well. In so far as the actual birth process is involved one can consider this perinatal psychology. Pre- and perinatal aspects are often discussed together.
Eugène (Eugeniusz) Minkowski was a French psychiatrist of Jewish Polish origin, known for his incorporation of phenomenology into psychopathology and for exploring the notion of "lived time". A student of Eugen Bleuler, he was also associated with the work of Ludwig Binswanger and Henri Ey. He was influenced by phenomenological philosophy and the vitalistic philosophy of Henri Bergson, and by the phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Max Scheler; therefore his work departed from classical medical and psychological models. He was a prolific author in several languages and regarded, as a great humanitarian. Minkowski accepted the phenomenological essence of schizophrenia as the "trouble générateur", which he thought consists in a loss of "vital contact with reality" and shows itself as autism.
Sabina Nikolayevna Spielrein was a Russian physician and one of the first female psychoanalysts. She was in succession the patient, then student, then colleague of Carl Gustav Jung, with whom she had an intimate relationship during 1908–1910, as is documented in their correspondence from the time and her diaries. She also met, corresponded, and had a collegial relationship with Sigmund Freud. She worked with and psychoanalysed Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget. She worked as a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, teacher and paediatrician in Switzerland and Russia. In a thirty-year professional career, she published over 35 papers in three languages, covering psychoanalysis, developmental psychology, psycholinguistics and educational psychology. Among her works in the field of psychoanalysis is the essay titled "Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being", written in German in 1912.
Ludwig Binswanger was a Swiss psychiatrist and pioneer in the field of existential psychology. His parents were Robert Johann Binswanger (1850–1910) and Bertha Hasenclever (1847–1896). Robert's German-Jewish father Ludwig "Elieser" Binswanger (1820–1880) was founder, in 1857, of the "Bellevue Sanatorium" in Kreuzlingen. Robert's brother Otto Binswanger (1852–1929) was a professor of psychiatry at the University of Jena.
Wilhelm Griesinger was a German neurologist and psychiatrist born in Stuttgart.
Josef Gerstmann was a Jewish Austrian-born American neurologist.
Oppenheim's sign is dorsiflexion of the great toe elicited by irritation downward of the medial side of the tibia. It is one of a number of Babinski-like responses.The sign's presence indicates damage to the pyramidal tract.
Siegfried Kalischer was a German neurologist and researcher.
Arnold Kutzinski was a controversial German psychiatrist and neurologist, known as both an outspoken critic of psychoanalysis and a supporter of eugenics.
Jakob Klaesi was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the sleep therapy and his phenomenological analysis of expression.
Haltlose personality disorder was a type of personality disorder diagnosis largely used in German-, Russian- and French-speaking countries. The German word haltlose refers to being "unstable", and in English-speaking countries the diagnosis was sometimes referred to as "the unstable psychopath".
Pavel Fonda, is a psychiatrist, psychotherapist and a notable member of Slovene minority in Italy. He was a mayor of Aurisina local community from 1984 to 1985 in the Province of Trieste, Italy.
Henry Zvi Lothane is a Polish-born American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, educator and author. Lothane is currently Clinical Professor at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, specializing in the area of psychotherapy. He is the author of some eighty scholarly articles and reviews on various topics in psychiatry, psychoanalysis and the history of psychotherapy, as well as the author of a book on the famous Schreber case, entitled In Defense of Schreber: Soul Murder and Psychiatry. In Defense of Schreber examines the life and work of Daniel Paul Schreber against the background of 19th and early 20th century psychiatry and psychoanalysis.
Christian Sibelius was a Finnish doctor and professor of psychiatry.
Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler is an umbrella term for psychiatric literature that deals with the hypothesis that Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, was mentally ill, although Hitler was never diagnosed with any mental illnesses during his lifetime. Hitler has often been associated with mental disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and psychopathy, both during his lifetime and after his death. Psychiatrists and psychoanalysts who have diagnosed Hitler as having mental disturbance include well-known figures such as Walter C. Langer and Erich Fromm. Other researchers, such as Fritz Redlich, have concluded that Hitler probably did not have these disorders.
Olga Vassilievna Leonova, later Leonowa-von Lange born 1851 or 1859 was a physician and embryologist known for her studies of neuroembryology and congenital disorders, specifically those affecting the brain, spinal cord, eyes and limbs. Leonova was one of the first female scholars to work in Constantin von Monakow's laboratory ("Labörli"), founded in 1885, the origin the Zürch Brain Research Institute Brain Research Institute of Zurich University. Leonova, born in Russia, studied medicine in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vienna and Leipzig. Later she did research work at the Imperial University of Moscow's cutting-edge neurobiology laboratories. Her research focussed on stillborn infants with congenital brain disease. Here she described the connection between central nervous system damage and congenital eye disease. She earned her doctoral degree before 1904, published at least 12 scientific papers between 1890 and 1909 but did not show further scientific development (Refs.). After a head start into the European neuroscience scene in 1894 as the only lady scientist presenting at the 66. central conference of German speaking naturalists and physicians in Vienna, she later apparently lost the support of the science community. This may partly be due to her argumentative, almost belligerent style of writing. Her work was cited for a short period and the forgotten. She eventually resided in a villa in Laufenburg, Germany, at the border to Switzerland, and became arrested in 1914 as a Russian spy. After two years she was allowed to move to Zürich.
Rainer Krause is a German psychologist, psychoanalyst and researcher of human emotions.
John Friedrich Karl Rittmeister, often also abbreviated John F. Rittmeister, was a German neurologist, psychoanalyst and resistance fighter against Nazism. Rittmeister was a humanist and socialist who based his opposition to the Nazi state on moral grounds. He was known as a communist member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Abwehr.
Mira Oberholzer-Gincburg,, was a Swiss medical doctor and psychoanalyst of Russian-Polish origin. A pioneer of psychoanalysis in general and child psychology in particular, she was a founding member of the Swiss Society of Psychoanalysis in 1919, and worked in Switzerland and the United States of America as a child analyst.
