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A tumor suppressor gene, or anti-oncogene, is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. If the cell grows uncontrollably, it will result in cancer. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, it results in a loss or reduction in its function. In combination with other genetic mutations, this could allow the cell to grow abnormally. The loss of function for these genes may be even more significant in the development of human cancers, compared to the activation of oncogenes.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells. However, it also has normal functions in bone, tooth, vascular and other tissues.
Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad. It has two known homologs in mammals called neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide. It stimulates gastrin release from G cells. It activates three different G-protein-coupled receptors known as BBR1, -2, and -3. It also activates these receptors in the brain. Together with cholecystokinin, it is the second major source of negative feedback signals that stop eating behaviour.
Gastrin-releasing peptide, also known as GRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Most notably, GRP stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells of the stomach.
The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor also known as AHRR is a human gene.
The bombesin receptor subtype 3 also known as BRS-3 or BB3 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BRS3 gene.
The neuromedin B receptor (NMBR), now known as BB1 is a G protein-coupled receptor whose endogenous ligand is neuromedin B. In humans, this protein is encoded by the NMBR gene.
Neuromedin U is a neuropeptide found in the brain of humans and other mammals, which has a number of diverse functions including contraction of smooth muscle, regulation of blood pressure, pain perception, appetite, bone growth, and hormone release. It was first isolated from the spinal cord in 1985, and named after its ability to cause smooth muscle contraction in the uterus.
Wilms' tumor protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WT1 gene on chromosome 11p.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NME1 gene. It is thought to be a metastasis suppressor.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor also known as PAC1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADCYAP1R1 gene. This receptor binds pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide.
Hyaluronidase-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HYAL2 gene.
Semaphorin-3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEMA3B gene.
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase gamma is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPRG gene.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRP1B gene.
An oncomir is a microRNA (miRNA) that is associated with cancer. MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules about 22 nucleotides in length. Essentially, miRNAs specifically target certain messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to prevent them from coding for a specific protein. The dysregulation of certain microRNAs (oncomirs) has been associated with specific cancer forming (oncogenic) events. Many different oncomirs have been identified in numerous types of human cancers.
Anticancer genes are genes that, when ectopically overexpressed, specifically destroy tumour cells without harming normal, untransformed cells. This cellular destruction can be due to a variety of mechanisms, such as apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe followed by apoptosis or necrosis, and autophagy. Anticancer genes emerged from studies on cancer cells in the late 1990s. Currently, there have been 291 anticancer genes discovered in the human genome. In order to be classified as an anticancer gene, the gene must have base substitutions leading to missense amino-acid changes, deletions, or insertions leading to frameshifts that alter the protein the gene codes for, increases and decreases in copy-number increases, or gene rearrangements leading to their deregulation.
Antineoplastic resistance, often used interchangeably with chemotherapy resistance, is the resistance of neoplastic (cancerous) cells, or the ability of cancer cells to survive and grow despite anti-cancer therapies. In some cases, cancers can evolve resistance to multiple drugs, called multiple drug resistance.
V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a type I transmembrane protein that functions as an immune checkpoint and is encoded by the C10orf54 gene.
Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide, also known as Pro-GRP, is a Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide (GRP) precursor, a neurotransmitter that belongs to the bombesine/neuromedin B family. GRP stimulates the secretion of gastrin in order to increase the acidity of the gastric acid. Pro-GRP is a peptide composed of 125 amino acids, expressed in the nervous system and digestive tract. It is also important to not confused with progastrin, consisting of 80 amino acids, precursor of gastrin in its intracellular version and oncogene in its extracellular version (hPG80).
References
- ↑ "NCI-Navy Medical Oncology Branch cell line supplement". J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 24: 1–291. 1996. PMID 8965489.
- ↑ "ATCC Advanced Catalog Search" . Retrieved 2009-01-07.
- ↑ "CRL-5803/NCI-H1299 cell line". LGC Promochem: Cell Biology Collection. American Type Culture Collection . Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- 1 2 Giaccone G, Battey J, Gazdar AF, Oie H, Draoui M, Moody TW (May 1992). "Neuromedin B is present in lung cancer cell lines". Cancer Res. 52 (9 Suppl): 2732s–2736s. PMID 1563005.
- ↑ Lin DL, Chang C (June 1996). "p53 is a mediator for radiation-repressed human TR2 orphan receptor expression in MCF-7 cells, a new pathway from tumor suppressor to member of the steroid receptor superfamily". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (25): 14649–52. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.25.14649 . PMID 8663350.
