H1 (particle detector)

Last updated
The H1 particle detector at HERA, Hamburg. The detector itself is hidden behind the dark red concrete wall behind the electronics trailer. H1 detector.jpg
The H1 particle detector at HERA, Hamburg. The detector itself is hidden behind the dark red concrete wall behind the electronics trailer.

H1 was a particle detector operated at the HERA ( Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage ) collider at the German national laboratory DESY in Hamburg. The first studies for the H1 experiment were proposed in 1981. The H1 detector began operating together with HERA in 1992 and took data until 2007. It consisted of several different detector components, measured about 12 m × 15 m × 10 m and weighed 2800 tons. It was one of four detectors along the HERA accelerator.

Contents

The main physics goals of the H1 experiment were the investigation of the internal structure of the proton through measurements of deep inelastic scattering, the measurements of further cross sections to study fundamental interactions between particles in order to test the Standard Model of particle physics, as well as the search for new kinds of matter and unexpected phenomena in particle physics. Scientists continue to publish scientific papers based on data taken by the H1 experiment until today, and the detailed knowledge of the proton gained through experiments like H1 laid the foundation to much of the science done at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN particle physics laboratory today. [1]

The name H1 is used for both the detector itself and the collaboration of physicists and technicians who operated the experiment.

History

The construction of a lepton–proton collider was recommended strongly by the European Committee for Future Accelerators (ECFA) on May 9, 1980. [2] [3] The first proposals for the H1 detector were made in 1981, and the letter of intent for the H1 experiment was published on June 28, 1985. [4] The technical proposal for the H1 detector was finalized on March 25, 1986. [5]

The H1 detector was operational with the first collisions of HERA in 1992. It was upgraded during the HERA luminosity upgrade for the HERA II running period from 2000 to 2003. The H1 detector then took data until the shutdown of HERA in June 2007 and was mostly dismantled afterwards. [6]

Several subdetector components are now exhibited in the HERA Hall West at DESY. The HERA North Hall, where the H1 detector was located, is now used for the new ALPS experiment, which looks for axion-like particles. [7]

The data taken with the H1 detector are preserved for future analyses within the DPHEP (Data Preservation and Long Term Analysis in High Energy Physics) initiative. [8]

The "sister experiment" of H1 at the HERA accelerator was the ZEUS experiment, which was also a multi-purpose detector with similar physics goals to H1.

The H1 collaboration

The H1 experiment was designed and operated by an international collaboration of about 400 physicists and technicians from 43 institutes in 18 countries (List of currently participating institutes).

The H1 detector

Leptons (electrons or positrons) collided with protons in the interaction point of H1, and the particles produced in these collisions were detected by the H1 detector components. The collision products, often including the proton remnant and the scattered lepton, were detected by several subdetectors. Combining their information allowed the identification of particles from the interaction, or at least the reconstruction of the overall reaction kinematics. This in turn allowed the classification of the reaction. From the center outwards, H1's most important systems were:

In addition to these systems, H1 had several helper systems, such as a luminosity system, time of flight (ToF) detectors and radiation monitors. Other detector systems were added as the focus on special physics processes was extended, for example, forward instrumentation for diffractive physics far down the HERA tunnel.

While H1 was a general-purpose detector, its main design feature was an asymmetric construction to cope with the boosted center of mass in the laboratory frame due to the large energy imbalance of the colliding beams. In the forward (incident proton) direction, the instrumentation had higher granularity to give a better resolution for refined measurements of the proton remnant left after the collision with the incident lepton. In the backward direction, into which the lepton was mostly scattered, the detectors were optimized for the reconstruction of the scattered lepton trajectory.

Physics addressed by H1

The most interesting physics topics treated at H1 include

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Particle physics</span> Study of subatomic particles and forces

Particle physics or high energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The fundamental particles in the universe are classified in the Standard Model as fermions and bosons. There are three generations of fermions, although ordinary matter is made only from the first fermion generation. The first generation consists of up and down quarks which form protons and neutrons, and electrons and electron neutrinos. The three fundamental interactions known to be mediated by bosons are electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Top quark</span> Type of quark

The top quark, sometimes also referred to as the truth quark, is the most massive of all observed elementary particles. It derives its mass from its coupling to the Higgs Boson. This coupling is very close to unity; in the Standard Model of particle physics, it is the largest (strongest) coupling at the scale of the weak interactions and above. The top quark was discovered in 1995 by the CDF and DØ experiments at Fermilab.

In particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are
W+
,
W−
, and
Z0
. The
W±
 bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge and are each other's antiparticles. The
Z0
 boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. The three particles each have a spin of 1. The
W±
 bosons have a magnetic moment, but the
Z0
 has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived, with a half-life of about 3×10−25 s. Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ATLAS experiment</span> CERN LHC experiment

ATLAS is the largest general-purpose particle detector experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a particle accelerator at CERN in Switzerland. The experiment is designed to take advantage of the unprecedented energy available at the LHC and observe phenomena that involve highly massive particles which were not observable using earlier lower-energy accelerators. ATLAS was one of the two LHC experiments involved in the discovery of the Higgs boson in July 2012. It was also designed to search for evidence of theories of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Large Electron–Positron Collider</span> Particle accelerator at CERN, Switzerland

The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compact Linear Collider</span>

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a concept for a future linear particle accelerator that aims to explore the next energy frontier. CLIC would collide electrons with positrons and is currently the only mature option for a multi-TeV linear collider. The accelerator would be between 11 and 50 km long, more than ten times longer than the existing Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in California, USA. CLIC is proposed to be built at CERN, across the border between France and Switzerland near Geneva, with first beams starting by the time the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has finished operations around 2035.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UA2 experiment</span> Particle physics experiment at CERN

The Underground Area 2 (UA2) experiment was a high-energy physics experiment at the Proton-Antiproton Collider — a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) — at CERN. The experiment ran from 1981 until 1990, and its main objective was to discover the W and Z bosons. UA2, together with the UA1 experiment, succeeded in discovering these particles in 1983, leading to the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer. The UA2 experiment also observed the first evidence for jet production in hadron collisions in 1981, and was involved in the searches of the top quark and of supersymmetric particles. Pierre Darriulat was the spokesperson of UA2 from 1981 to 1986, followed by Luigi Di Lella from 1986 to 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HERA (particle accelerator)</span>

HERA was a particle accelerator at DESY in Hamburg. It was operated from 1992 to 30 June 2007. At HERA, electrons or positrons were brought to collision with protons at a center-of-mass energy of 320 GeV. HERA was used mainly to study the structure of protons and the properties of quarks, laying the foundation for much of the science done at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN particle physics laboratory today. HERA is the only lepton–proton collider in the world to date and was on the energy frontier in certain regions of the kinematic range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LHCb experiment</span> Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collider Detector at Fermilab</span>

The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) experimental collaboration studies high energy particle collisions from the Tevatron, the world's former highest-energy particle accelerator. The goal is to discover the identity and properties of the particles that make up the universe and to understand the forces and interactions between those particles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DØ experiment</span> Particle physics research project (1983–2011)

The DØ experiment was a worldwide collaboration of scientists conducting research on the fundamental nature of matter. DØ was one of two major experiments located at the Tevatron Collider at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois. The Tevatron was the world's highest-energy accelerator from 1983 until 2009, when its energy was surpassed by the Large Hadron Collider. The DØ experiment stopped taking data in 2011, when the Tevatron shut down, but data analysis is still ongoing. The DØ detector is preserved in Fermilab's DØ Assembly Building as part of a historical exhibit for public tours.

Leptoquarks are hypothetical particles that would interact with quarks and leptons. Leptoquarks are color-triplet bosons that carry both lepton and baryon numbers. Their other quantum numbers, like spin, (fractional) electric charge and weak isospin vary among theories. Leptoquarks are encountered in various extensions of the Standard Model, such as technicolor theories, theories of quark–lepton unification (e.g., Pati–Salam model), or GUTs based on SU(5), SO(10), E6, etc. Leptoquarks are currently searched for in experiments ATLAS and CMS at the Large Hadron Collider in CERN.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZEUS (particle detector)</span>

ZEUS was a particle detector at the HERA particle accelerator at the German national laboratory DESY in Hamburg. It began taking data in 1992 and was operated until HERA was decommissioned in June 2007. The scientific collaboration behind ZEUS consisted of about 400 physicists and technicians from 56 institutes in 17 countries.

The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is an upgrade to the Large Hadron Collider, operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), located at the French-Swiss border near Geneva. From 2011 to 2020, the project was led by Lucio Rossi. In 2020, the lead role was taken up by Oliver Brüning.

HERMES was a particle detector at the HERA particle accelerator located at the German national laboratory DESY in Hamburg. The experiment's goal was to investigate the quark–gluon structure of matter by examining how a nucleon's constituents affect its spin. It later developed into a pioneering experiment for measuring generalised parton parton distributions and a general-purpose experiment for the study of QCD processes. HERMES completed its first run between 1995 and 2000, and its second run between 2001 and 2007. It measured 3.5 m × 8 m × 5 m and weighed 400 tons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Charlton</span>

David George Charlton is Professor of Particle Physics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Birmingham, UK. From 2013 to 2017, he served as Spokesperson of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Prior to becoming Spokesperson, he was Deputy Spokesperson for four years, and before that Physics Coordinator of ATLAS in the run-up to the start of collision data-taking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Future Circular Collider</span> Proposed post-LHC particle accelerator at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Future Circular Collider (FCC) is a proposed particle accelerator with an energy significantly above that of previous circular colliders, such as the Super Proton Synchrotron, the Tevatron, and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The FCC project is considering three scenarios for collision types: FCC-hh, for hadron-hadron collisions, including proton-proton and heavy ion collisions, FCC-ee, for electron-positron collisions, and FCC-eh, for electron-hadron collisions.

Robin Marshall is an Emeritus professor of Physics & Biology in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester. He currently lives in the village of Castillon-du-Gard in the region of Occitanie, where he writes and paints.

References

  1. ↑ H1 list of publications. In: www.desy.de. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  2. ↑ Agenda of 27th Plenary ECFA, 9 May 1980. In: www.cern.ch. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  3. ↑ Study of the proton - electron storage ring project HERA: Report of the electron proton working group of ECFA. March 1980. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  4. ↑ Letter of intent for an experiment at HERA: H1 Collaboration. June 1985. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  5. ↑ Technical proposal for the H1 detector. March 1986. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  6. ↑ Last run of HERA Archived 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  7. ↑ "Any Light Particle Search (ALPS) II". MPG Albert Einstein Institute. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  8. ↑ Data Preservation in High Energy Physics. In: www.cern.ch. Retrieved 2 November 2022.

53°35′25″N9°53′04″E / 53.590160°N 9.884361°E / 53.590160; 9.884361

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.