Sudan,officially the Republic of the Sudan,is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered with the Central African Republic to the southwest,Chad to the west,Egypt to the north,Eritrea to the northeast,Ethiopia to the southeast,Libya to the northwest,South Sudan to the south and the Red Sea. It has a population of 45.70 million people as of 2022 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres,making it Africa's third-largest country by area,and the third-largest by area in the Arab League. It was the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab League until the secession of South Sudan in 2011,since which both titles have been held by Algeria. Its capital city is Khartoum and its most populous city is Omdurman.
Jaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry was a Sudanese politician who served as the president of Sudan from 1969 to 1985.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt in the Sudans region of northern Africa between 1899 and 1956,corresponding mostly to the territory of present-day South Sudan and the Sudan. Legally,sovereignty and administration were shared between both Egypt and the United Kingdom,but in practice the structure of the condominium ensured effective British control over Sudan,with Egypt having limited,local power influence in reality. In the meantime,Egypt itself fell under increasing British influence. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952,Egypt pushed for an end to the condominium,and the independence of Sudan. By agreement between Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1953,Sudan was granted independence as the Republic of the Sudan on 1 January 1956. In 2011,the south of Sudan itself became independent as the Republic of South Sudan.
Nabil Elaraby is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was Secretary General of the Arab League from 1 July 2011 to 3 July 2016. Previously,he was Foreign Affairs Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharaf's government from March to June 2011.
This article discusses the history of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan during the history of Sudan from 1899 to 1955.
The Republic of Sudan was established as an independent sovereign state on 1 January 1956 upon the termination of the condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,over which sovereignty had been vested jointly in Egypt and the United Kingdom. Before 1955,however,whilst still subject to the condominium,the autonomous Sudanese government under Ismail al-Azhari had temporarily halted Sudan's progress toward self-determination,hoping to promote unity with Egypt. Despite his pro-Egyptian National Unionist Party (NUP) winning a majority in the 1953 parliamentary elections,however,Azhari realized that popular opinion had shifted against such a union. Azhari,who had been the major spokesman for the "unity of the Nile Valley",therefore reversed the NUP's stand and supported Sudanese independence. On December 19,1955,the Sudanese parliament,under Azhari's leadership,unanimously adopted a declaration of independence that became effective on January 1,1956. Azhari called for the withdrawal of foreign troops,and requested the governments of Egypt and the United Kingdom to sponsor a plebiscite in advance.
The judicial system of Egypt is an independent branch of the Egyptian government which includes both secular and religious courts.
The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts:the superior judiciary and the subordinate judiciary. The superior judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court of Pakistan,the Federal Shariat Court and five High Courts,with the Supreme Court at the apex. There is a High Court for each of the four provinces as well as a High Court for the Islamabad Capital Territory. The Constitution of Pakistan entrusts the superior judiciary with the obligation to preserve,protect and defend the constitution. Neither the Supreme Court nor a High Court may exercise jurisdiction in relation to Tribal Areas,except otherwise provided for. The disputed regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan have separate court systems.
Jean Mutsinzi is a Rwandan former jurist in the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. He was elected for a six-year term of office on 22 January 2006 at the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union,held in Khartoum,Sudan.
The Law of Egypt consists of courts,offences,and various types of laws. Egypt has its own constitution which took effect on 18 January 2014. The Constitution of Egypt is the fundamental law of the country. Egypts legal codes and court operations are based primarily on British,Italian,and Napoleonic models,and has been the inspiration for the civil code for numerous other Middle Eastern jurisdictions,including Jordan,Bahrain,Qatar,pre-dictatorship kingdoms of Libya and Iraq,and the commercial code of Kuwait.
The judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore work in the Supreme Court and the State Courts to hear and determine disputes between litigants in civil cases and,in criminal matters,to determine the liability of accused persons and their sentences if they are convicted.
Agha Rafiq Ahmed Khan a Pakistani jurist belongs to Garhi Yasin in Shikarpur District of Sindh,Pakistan. He is the son-in-law of Justice Mushtak Ali Kazi,who was a Judge of High Court of Sindh and Balochistan. Justice Agha is a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He served as the 12th Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan from 2009-2014.
The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is a regional economic community in Africa with twenty-one member states stretching from Tunisia to Eswatini. COMESA was formed in December 1994,replacing a Preferential Trade Area which had existed since 1981. Nine of the member states formed a free trade area in 2000,with Rwanda and Burundi joining the FTA in 2004,the Comoros and Libya in 2006,Seychelles in 2009 and Tunisia and Somalia in 2018.
The Supreme Court,located in Khartoum,is the highest judicial authority in Sudan,apart from the Constitutional Court,which under Article 30 of the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration,is to be "an independent court,separate from the judicial authority." Nemat Abdullah Khair was appointed as Chief Justice of Sudan,thus becoming the President of the Supreme Court,on 10 October 2019.
Lombe Phyllis Chibesakunda is a Zambian lawyer and diplomat. She has been the chairperson of the Human Rights Commission of Zambia,Solicitor General,Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Legal Affairs,acting Chief Justice of Zambia,and has served as an Ambassador to Japan,the United Kingdom,the Vatican,and the Netherlands. Chibesakunda is the first woman president of the COMESA Court of Justice,in Khartoum,Sudan.
The Chief Justice of Sudan is the head of the Judiciary of Sudan. Under Article 29.(3) of the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration,the Chief Justice is also the President of the Supreme Court of Sudan and is "responsible for administering the judicial authority before the Supreme Judicial Council."
The 1985 Sudanese coup d'état was a military coup that occurred in Sudan on 6 April 1985. The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief,Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab,against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.
Nemat Abdullah Mohamed Khair is a Sudanese judge of the Sudanese Supreme Court who became Chief Justice of Sudan on 10 October 2019. As such,under Article 29.(3) of the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration,she is also the president of the Supreme Court of Sudan and is "responsible for administering the judicial authority before the Supreme Judicial Council." Khair is the first woman Chief Justice of Sudan.
Republic of Sudan v. Harrison,587 U.S. ___ (2019),was a United States Supreme Court case from the October 2018 term. The Court held that civil service of a lawsuit against the government of Sudan was invalid because the civil complaints and summons had been sent to the Embassy of Sudan in Washington,D.C. rather than to the Sudanese Foreign Minister in Khartoum.
The legal system of Sudan has evolved over time. The legacy of British colonial rule has had a significant impact even after independence. Most of the lawyers and judges were British trained and initially tended to rely on judicial precedent. Soon after independence,however,pressure began to build to change the legal system. By the time Jaafar Nimeiry seized power in 1969,a commission had been working on recommendations for a new system,but he dissolved it and formed another commission dominated by 12 Egyptian jurists. Based on recommendations received from them,Sudan adopted a new civil code that looked much like the Egyptian civil code of 1949. The new system was controversial because it disregarded existing laws and customs and introduced many new legal terms and concepts from Egyptian law without source material to interpret the codes. In 1973 the government repealed these codes and returned the legal system to its pre-1970 common-law status. In 1977 Nimeiry agreed to consider a Muslim Brotherhood demand that the system be based on Islam. He appointed al-Turabi as chairman of a committee to draft new Islamic laws. Nimeiry accepted few of the proposals from this committee. He then established a small,new group in 1983 that developed a “cut-and-paste”version of sharia laws based on practice in other countries. In September 1983,Nimeiry issued several decrees,known as the September Laws,which made sharia the law of the land.
