The Straits of Tiran are the narrow sea passages between the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas that connect the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea. The distance between the two peninsulas is about 13 km. The Multinational Force and Observers monitors the compliance of Egypt in maintaining freedom of navigation of the straits,as provided under the Egypt–Israel peace treaty.
The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the executive head of state of Egypt and the de facto appointee of the official head of government under the Egyptian Constitution of 2014 adopted after the 2013 Egyptian military coup d'état. Under the various iterations of the Constitution of Egypt following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952,the president is also the supreme commander of the Armed Forces,and head of the executive branch of the Egyptian government. The current president is Field Marshal Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,who has been in office since 8 June 2014.
The Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Egypt since its introduction in the 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum and the subsequent 2020 Egyptian Senate election. The current president of the Senate is Abdel-Wahab Abdel-Razeq.
The Parliament of Egypt is the bicameral legislature of the Arab Republic of Egypt. It is composed of an upper house and a lower house.
The Supreme Constitutional Court is an independent judicial body in Egypt,located in the Cairo suburb of Maadi.
Tiran,and Yotvat Island,is a Saudi Arabian island that was formerly administered by Egypt. Sovereignty of the two Red Sea islands,Tiran and Sanafir,was ceded officially to Saudi Arabia as part of a maritime borders agreement between Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The agreement subsequently was approved by the Egyptian Parliament and finally ratified by President Abd el-Fattah el-Sisi on 24 June 2017.
Sanafir Island is a Saudi island in the Straits of Tiran east of Tiran Island. It is about 33 km2 (13 sq mi) it is located at the entrance to the Straits of Tiran,which separates the Gulf of Aqaba from the Red Sea. The island is about 2.5 km from Tiran Island. The island are characterized by floating coral reefs.
The Saudi–Egypt Causeway is a proposal to link Egypt and Saudi Arabia with a causeway and bridge.
Mohamed Elbeltagy is an Egyptian physician,professor at Al-Azhar university and Muslim Brotherhood politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 2005 to 2010 and 2011 to 2012,and constitute assembly 2012. Currently the general secretary of the Freedom and Justice Party.
Parliamentary elections were held in Egypt from 28 November 2011 to 11 January 2012,following the revolution that ousted President Hosni Mubarak,after which the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) dissolved Parliament. However the dissolution was ruled unconstitutional and Parliament was reinstated. Originally,the elections had been scheduled to be held in September 2011,but were postponed amid concerns that established parties would gain undue advantage.
Historically,relations between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia could be considered as extending several centuries back to the relations between earlier regimes in Egypt –the highly autonomous Egypt Eyalet in the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt –and the earlier manifestations of Saudi/Wahhabi power in the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabia and Egypt are both highly influential countries in the Arab world. Egypt is the most populous Arab country,and Saudi Arabia is a member of the G20. According to a 2013 Pew global opinion poll,78% of Egyptians express a favourable view of Saudi Arabia,and 19% express an unfavourable view.
The speaker of the House of Representatives presides over the sessions of the House of Representatives of Egypt with functions similar to that of a speaker in other countries. In case of the vacancy of the presidential office or the permanent incapacitation of the president,the speaker of the People's Assembly shall temporarily assume the presidency for a maximum period of 60 days. Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the ouster of President Hosni Mubarak and arrest of Speaker of the Assembly Ahmad Fathi Sorour,one of the leaders of the National Democratic Party,Parliament was temporarily dissolved. Following the 2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election,Dr. Mohamed Saad El-Katatny was elected as speaker by 399 out of 503 of his fellow members of parliament on the opening session of the new parliament on 23 January 2012,almost a year after the outbreak of the revolution. However,the Supreme Constitutional Court invalidated the elections of the House of Representatives,claiming that members of the Muslim Brotherhood ran as independents and that their elections were not valid,thus ordering the lower house to be dissolved.
The Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012 (CA) is the committee for the creation of a new Constitution of Egypt. The Muslim Brotherhood had announced that the Constituent Assembly would vote on the constitution on 29 November 2012. The Constituent Assembly will be able to avoid its possible dissolution by voting on the constitution earlier than the release of a ruling by the Supreme Constitutional Court on the assembly's legitimacy;the ruling was expected to occur on 2 December 2012. The court has postponed the verdict in response to protests. The Constituent Assembly approved the constitution on 29 November 2012;more than 16 hours were spent voting on its articles.
Following the 2011 Egyptian revolution,the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt became one of the main forces contending for political power in Egypt against the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) and other established centers of the former Hosni Mubarak regime.
Abd el-Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi is an Egyptian politician and retired military officer who has served as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. Before retiring as a general in the Egyptian military in 2014,Sisi served as Egypt's deputy prime minister from 2013 to 2014,minister of defense from 2012 to 2013,and director of military intelligence from 2010 to 2012. He was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal in January 2014.
The 2012–2013 Egyptian protests were part of the crisis in Egypt including the June 2013 protests,the July 2013 coup d'état,and part of the post-coup unrest. They saw varying opposition against three contiguous heads of state;namely,the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF),Muslim Brotherhood,and the de facto ruling Egyptian Armed Forces.
Adly Mahmoud Mansour is an Egyptian judge and politician who served as the president of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt. He also served as interim president of Egypt from 4 July 2013 to 8 June 2014 following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état by the military which deposed President Mohamed Morsi. Several secular and religious figures,such as the Grand Imam of al-Azhar,the Coptic Pope,and Mohamed ElBaradei supported the coup against President Morsi and the military appointed Mansour interim-president until an election could take place. Morsi refused to acknowledge his removal as valid and continued to maintain that only he could be considered the legitimate President of Egypt. Mansour was sworn into office in front of the Supreme Constitutional Court on 4 July 2013.
Ali Abdel Aal Sayyed Ahmed is an Egyptian law professor and politician. He was Speaker of the House of Representatives between 10 January 2016 and 12 January 2021. As law professor he worked at Ain Shams University and specialized in constitutional law.
Abdel Wahab Abdel Razeq is an Egyptian senator,elected as the Senate President on 18 October 2020. He was Chancellor of Supreme Constitutional Court Egypt until 2018.
Ahmed Saad Eddine is an Egyptian politician who has been Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives alongside Mohamed M. Abou El Enein since 12 January 2021.
