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Sign languages are languages that use the visual-manual modality to convey meaning, instead of spoken words. Sign languages are expressed through manual articulation in combination with non-manual markers. Sign languages are full-fledged natural languages with their own grammar and lexicon. Sign languages are not universal and are usually not mutually intelligible, although there are also similarities among different sign languages.
Hanoi or Ha Noi is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of 3,359.82 km2 (1,297.2 sq mi). It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta of Northern Vietnam, Hanoi is after Saigon the second cultural and political centre of Vietnam.
Transportation in Vietnam is improving rapidly in terms of both quantity and quality. Especially road traffic is growing rapidly but the major roads are dangerous and slow to travel on due to outdated design and an inappropriate traffic mix. In recent years, the construction of expressways has accelerated. Air travel is also important for long distance travel. Metro systems are under construction in the two metropolises of Vietnam, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
The dong has been the currency of Vietnam since 3 May 1978. It is issued by the State Bank of Vietnam. The dong was also the currency of the predecessor states of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, having replaced the previously used French Indochinese piastre.
The United Nations International School of Hanoi is an international school in Hanoi, Vietnam. It is a private, non-profit organization founded in 1988 with the support of the United Nations Development Programme in Vietnam (UNDP) with the aim of providing an education to the children of UN staff and others.
Thai Sign Language (TSL), or Modern Standard Thai Sign Language (MSTSL), is the national sign language of Thailand's deaf community and is used in most parts of the country by the 20 percent of the estimated 56,000 pre-linguistically deaf people who go to school.
The three deaf-community sign languages indigenous to Vietnam are found in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, and Haiphong. The HCMC and Hanoi languages especially have been influenced by the French Sign Language (LSQ) once taught in schools, and have absorbed a large amount of FSL vocabulary.
Vietnam National University, Hanoi is a public research university in Vietnam. The university has 10 member colleges and faculties. VNU is one of two Vietnam's national universities, ranked 201–250th in Asia by the QS ASIA University Rankings 2020. In 2020, it was one of the first two Vietnamese universities to be included in the QS Global Ranking of Top 150 universities under 50 years old by 2021.
The Voice of Vietnam or VOV is the Vietnamese national radio broadcaster. Directly controlled by the government of Vietnam, it is tasked with propagating the policies of the Party and the laws of the state.
Denmark–Vietnam relations relates to foreign relations between Denmark and Vietnam. Both countries established diplomatic relations on November 25, 1971. On April 1, 1994, Denmark established an embassy in Hanoi, and since August 12, 2000, Vietnam has had an embassy in Copenhagen.
Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language, also known as Sai Gon Sign Language, is the language of many deaf communities in a southern of Vietnam. This sign language was named Ho Chi Minh City Sign language by Prof. Dr. Woodward who is the first American linguistic came to Vietnam in 1986 to do a research about sign languages in Vietnam. It is about 50% cognate with the other sign languages of Vietnam, and its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by the French Sign Language once taught in Vietnamese schools for the deaf.
Haiphong Sign Language is the deaf-community sign language of the city of Haiphong in Vietnam. It is about 50% cognate with the other sign languages of Vietnam, and has been less influenced than them by the French Sign Language once taught in Vietnamese schools for the deaf. It shares cognates with the languages of the Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family of Thailand; the deaf-community sign langes of Vietnam, Thailand and Laos may be genealogically related, or there may be a history of population movement that has cause them to have words in common.
A village sign language, or village sign, also known as a shared sign language, is a local indigenous sign language used by both deaf and hearing in an area with a high incidence of congenital deafness. Meir et al. define a village sign language as one which "arise[s] in an existing, relatively insular community into which a number of deaf children are born." The term "rural sign language" refers to almost the same concept. In many cases, the sign language is known throughout the community by a large portion of the hearing population. These languages generally include signs derived from gestures used by the hearing population, so that neighboring village sign languages may be lexically similar without being actually related, due to local similarities in cultural gestures which preceded the sign languages. Most village sign languages are endangered due to the spread of formal education for the deaf, which use or generate deaf-community sign languages, such as a national or foreign sign language.
A deaf-community or urban sign language is a sign language that emerges when deaf people who do not have a common language come together and form a community. This may be a formal situation, such as the establishment of a school for deaf students, or informal, such as migration to cities for employment and the subsequent gathering of deaf people for social purposes. An example of the first is Nicaraguan Sign Language, which emerged when deaf children in Nicaragua were brought together for the first time, and received only oral education; of the latter, Bamako Sign Language, which emerged among the tea circles of the uneducated deaf in the capital of Mali. Nicaraguan SL is now a language of instruction and is recognized as the national sign language; Bamako SL is not, and is threatened by the use of American Sign Language in schools for the deaf.
Chiangmai Sign Language is a deaf-community sign language of Thailand that arose among deaf people who migrated to Chiang Mai for work or family. The language is moribund, with all speakers born before 1960. Younger generations have switched to Thai Sign Language.
Bangkok Sign Language is a deaf-community sign language of Thailand that arose among deaf people who migrated to Bangkok for work or family. The language is moribund, with all speakers born before 1960. Younger generations have switched to Thai Sign Language, which seems to have arisen as a mixture of Old Bangkok SL and American Sign Language.
There are an unknown number of indigenous deaf sign languages in Laos, which may have historical connections with the languages indigenous to Vietnam and Thailand, though it is not known if they are related to each other. There is no single "Laotian Sign Language". Sign languages in use in Laos include French Sign Language, American Sign Language, Thai Sign Language, Lao Sign Language, and Home sign.
Lai Châu is a province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. Lai Châu province is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Vietnam, and it shares a border with China. It was once a semi-independent White Tai confederation known as Sip Song Chau Tai, but was absorbed by France into French Indochina in the 1880s and subsequently became part of Vietnam following Vietnamese independence in 1954. It became part of the Northwest Autonomous Area of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975, when Lai Châu province was formed. Điện Biên province was carved out of Lai Châu in 2004. The province covers an area of 9068.79 square kilometres and as of 2019 it had a population of 460,196 people.
The British Vietnamese International School Hanoi is a bilingual international school in Hanoi, Vietnam, offering a British-style education in both English and Vietnamese languages for ages 3 to 18. BVIS Hanoi is located in the Vincom Royal City, Thanh Xuan District and was opened in August 2013. BVIS students follow a combination of the British National Curriculum, the International Early Years’ and Primary Curriculum models up to Year 6. In Year 10, students begin Cambridge Assessment International Examinations (CAIE) in International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE). In Years 12 and 13, students study for International A Levels.
Spain–Vietnam relations is the official relations between Spain and Vietnam. Spain has an embassy in Hanoi and Vietnam has an embassy in Madrid.
References
- ↑ Hanoi Sign at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
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