Hanoverian thaler

Last updated August 26, 2019

The Thaler was the currency of the Electorate, later Kingdom of Hanover until 1857. Until 1834, it was equal to three quarters of a Conventionsthaler and was subdivided into 36 Mariengroschen, each of 8 Pfennig .

A currency, in the most specific sense is money in any form when in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a system of money in common use, especially for people in a nation. Under this definition, US dollars (US$), pounds sterling (£), Australian dollars (A$), European euros (€), Russian rubles (₽) and Indian Rupees (₹) are examples of currencies. These various currencies are recognized as stores of value and are traded between nations in foreign exchange markets, which determine the relative values of the different currencies. Currencies in this sense are defined by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance.

The Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire, or Electors for short, were the members of the electoral college that elected the Holy Roman Emperor.

The Kingdom of Hanover was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era. It succeeded the former Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and joined 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the House of Hanover, a cadet branch of the House of Welf, in personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1837. Since its monarch resided in London, a viceroy handled the administration of the Kingdom of Hanover.

Between 1807 and 1813, the Westphalian Thaler (equal to the Hannovarian Thaler) and the Westphalian Frank circulated in Hannover.

The Thaler was a currency of the Kingdom of Westphalia between 1807 and 1813. From 1808, it circulated alongside the Frank. The Thaler was equal to those of the preceding states, including the Hannovarian Thaler. It was subdivided into 36 Mariengroschen, each of 8 Pfennig.

The Frank was a currency of the Kingdom of Westphalia between 1808 and 1813. It circulated alongside the Thaler, was equal to the French franc, and was subdivided into 100 Centimen.

In 1834, the Thaler was slightly reduced in silver content to make it equal to the Prussian Thaler. The Thaler was replaced at par in 1857 by the Hannovarian Vereinsthaler.

Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.

The Thaler was the currency of Prussia until 1857. From 1750, it was distinct from north German Reichsthaler unit of account in that it contained ¹⁄₁₄ of a Cologne mark of silver, rather than ¹⁄₁₂, and was minted as a coin. This change was implemented by Johann Philipp Graumann and the system of 14 thaler to the mark was known as the Graumannscher Fuß.

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The riksdaler was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604. Between 1777 and 1873, it was the currency of Sweden. The daler, like the dollar, was named after the German Thaler. The similarly named Reichsthaler, rijksdaalder, and rigsdaler were used in Germany and Austria-Hungary, the Netherlands, and Denmark-Norway, respectively. Riksdaler is still used as a colloquial term for Sweden's modern-day currency.

The Djiboutian franc is the currency of Djibouti. Its ISO 4217 currency code is DJF. Historically, it was subdivided into 100 centimes.

The Vereinsthaler was a standard silver coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years before German unification.

The Gulden was the currency of the states of southern Germany between 1754 and 1873. These states included Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Frankfurt and Hohenzollern. This specific Gulden was based on the Gulden or florin used in the Holy Roman Empire during the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period.

The pound was the currency of Southern Rhodesia. It also circulated in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The pound was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence.

The sol was the currency of Bolivia between 1827 and 1864. There were no subdivisions of the sol but 16 soles were equal to 1 scudo. The sol replaced the Spanish colonial real at par and was replaced by the boliviano at a rate of 8 soles = 1 boliviano. Only coins were issued.

The Somali rupia was the currency in Italian Somaliland from 1909 to 1925. It was subdivided into 100 bese.

The cash was a currency denomination used in China in imperial times. It was the chief denomination until the introduction of the yuan in the late 19th century.

The Thaler was the currency of the Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony until 1857. Between 1754 and 1841, it was equal to three quarters of a Conventionsthaler and was subdivided into 24 Groschen, each of 12 Pfennig. In 1841, Saxony partially decimalized, dividing the Thaler into 30 Neugroschen, each of 10 Pfennig. The Thaler was replaced by the Vereinsthaler at par.

The Thaler was the currency of the Landgravate, then Electorate of Hesse-Kassel until 1858. Until 1807, the Thaler was subdivided into 32 Albus, each of 12 Heller. It was worth three quarters of a Conventionsthaler.

The Gulden was the currency of Bavaria until 1873. Between 1754 and 1837 it was a unit of account, worth ⁵⁄₁₂ of a Conventionsthaler, used to denominate banknotes but not issued as a coin. The Gulden was worth 50 Conventionskreuzer or 60 Kreuzer Landmünze.

The Gulden was the currency of Württemberg until 1873. Until 1824, the Gulden was a unit of account and was used to denominate banknotes but was not issued as a coin. It was worth ⁵⁄₁₂ of a Conventionsthaler and was subdivided into 50 Conventionskreuzer or 60 Kreuzer Landmünze.

Berne thaler currency of the Swiss canton of Bern until 1798

The Thaler was the currency of the Swiss canton of Bern until 1798. It was subdivided into 40 Batzen, each of 4 Kreuzer. It was replaced by the Frank of the Helvetian Republic in 1798. This was, in turn, replaced by the Berne Frank in the canton of Bern, and by the Vaud franc in the canton of Vaud.

The thaler was the currency of the Geneva until 1798 and between 1813 and 1839. It was subdivided into 12¾ florins, each of 12 sols, with the sol divided into 12 deniers.

The franc was the currency of the Swiss canton of Geneva between 1839 and 1850. It was subdivided into 100 centimes.

The Thaler was the currency of the Swiss canton of Solothurn until 1798. It was subdivided into 40 Batzen, each of 4 Kreuzer or 8 Vierer. It was replaced by the Frank of the Helvetian Republic in 1798. This was, in turn, replaced by the Solothurn Frank.

The Thaler was the currency of Zürich until 1798. It was subdivided into 2 Gulden, each of 36 Schillinge, with the Schilling divided into 4 Rappen or 12 Haller. It was replaced by the Frank of the Helvetian Republic in 1798. This was, in turn, replaced by the Zürich Frank. The thaler was worth ¹⁄₁₁ of a Cologne mark.

The rigsdaler was the currency of Greenland until 1874. It was equal to the Danish rigsdaler which circulated in Greenland alongside distinct banknotes from 1803.

The pound was the currency of New Brunswick until 1860. It was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence, with the dollar circulating at a value of 5 shillings.

The pound was the currency of Nova Scotia until 1860. It was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. It was equivalent to the British pound and was replaced by the dollar in 1860, at a rate of 5 dollars = 1 pound, although coins and notes of the dollar currency were not issued until 1861.

References

Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
Pick, Albert (1990). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: Specialized Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (6th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-149-8.

The Standard Catalog of World Coins is a series of numismatic catalogs, commonly known as the Krause catalogs. They are published by Krause Publications, a division of F+W Media.

International Standard Book Number Unique numeric book identifier

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.

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