The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789,and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy,while its values and institutions remain central to modern French political discourse.
Haiti,officially the Republic of Haiti,is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea,east of Cuba and Jamaica,and south of The Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Haiti is 27,750 km2 (10,714 sq mi),the third largest country in the Caribbean,and has an estimated population of 11.4 million,making it the most populous Caribbean country. The capital is Port-au-Prince.
Jawaharlal Nehru was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist,statesman,secular humanist,social democrat,and author who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement in the 1930s and 1940s. Upon India's independence in 1947,he served as the country's first prime minister for 16 years. Nehru promoted parliamentary democracy,secularism,and science and technology during the 1950s,powerfully influencing India's arc as a modern nation. In international affairs,he steered India clear of the two blocs of the Cold War. A well-regarded author,his books written in prison,such as Letters from a Father to His Daughter (1929),An Autobiography (1936) and The Discovery of India (1946),have been read around the world.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was an Indian lawyer,anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā,first applied to him in South Africa in 1914,is now used throughout the world.
Margaret Hilda Thatcher,Baroness Thatcher,was a British stateswoman and Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold the position. As prime minister,she implemented economic policies known as Thatcherism. A Soviet journalist dubbed her the "Iron Lady",a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style.
World War II or the Second World War was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries,including all the great powers,fought as part of two opposing military alliances:the Allies and the Axis. Many participating countries invested all available economic,industrial,and scientific capabilities into this total war,blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role,enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. It was by far the deadliest conflict in history,resulting in 70–85 million fatalities. Millions died due to genocides,including the Holocaust,as well as starvation,massacres,and disease. In the wake of Axis defeat,Germany,Austria,and Japan were occupied,and war crime tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders.
1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar,the 1924th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations,the 924th year of the 2nd millennium,the 24th year of the 20th century,and the 5th year of the 1920s decade.
Yitzhak Rabin was an Israeli politician,statesman and general. He was the fifth prime minister of Israel,serving two terms in office,1974–1977,and from 1992 until his assassination in 1995.
The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of the Paleo-Indians to North America thousands of years ago to the present day. The lands encompassing present-day Canada have been inhabited for millennia by Indigenous peoples,with distinct trade networks,spiritual beliefs,and styles of social organization. Some of these older civilizations had long faded by the time of the first European arrivals and have been discovered through archeological investigations.
Henry IV,also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great,was King of Navarre from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon,a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. He pragmatically balanced the interests of the Catholic and Protestant parties in France as well as among the European states. He was assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic zealot,and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII.
Józef Klemens Piłsudski was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (1918–1922) and first Marshal of Poland. In the aftermath of World War I,he became an increasingly dominant figure in Polish politics and exerted significant influence on shaping the country's foreign policy. Piłsudski is viewed as a father of the Second Polish Republic,which was re-established in 1918,123 years after the final partition of Poland in 1795,and was considered de facto leader (1926–1935) of the Second Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs.
The Rally for the Republic,was a Gaullist and conservative political party in France. Originating from the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR),it was founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 and presented itself as the heir of Gaullist politics. On 21 September 2002,the RPR was merged into the Union for the Presidential Majority,later renamed the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).
Théodore Steeg was a lawyer and professor of philosophy who became Prime Minister of France.
Lieutenant General Sahabzada Mohammad Yaqub Ali KhanSPk was a Pakistani politician,diplomat,military figure,linguist,and a retired general in the Pakistani Army.
Dieter Felix Gerhardt is a former commodore in the South African Navy and commander of the strategic Simon's Town naval dockyard. He was arrested by the FBI in New York City in 1983 following information obtained from a Soviet defector. He was convicted of high treason as a spy for the Soviets for a period of twenty years in South Africa together with his second wife,Ruth,who had acted as his courier. Both were released prior to the change of government following the 1994 general election.
Shapour Bakhtiar was an Iranian politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Iran under the rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In the words of historian Abbas Milani:"more than once in the tone of a jeremiad he reminded the nation of the dangers of clerical despotism,and of how the fascism of the mullahs would be darker than any military junta". In 1991,he and his secretary were murdered in his home in Suresnes,France,by agents of the Islamic Republic.
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party,becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. During his dictatorship,he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.
ZentarōKosaka was a Japanese politician who served two terms as foreign minister and as labour minister.
