Hilary Williamson Hoynes | |
---|---|
Born | August 31, 1961 |
Citizenship | United States |
Alma mater | Colby College, 1983 Stanford University, 1992 |
Known for | Anti-poverty work |
Awards | Carolyn Shaw Bell Award, 2014 |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Economics |
Institutions | UC Davis UC Berkeley |
Website | https://gspp.berkeley.edu/directories/faculty/hilary-hoynes |
Spouse | Tom Hoynes |
Children | 2 |
Parent(s) | Jeffrey G. Williamson, Nancy Williamson |
Website | https://www.hilaryhoynes.com/ |
Hilary Hoynes is an economist and Haas Distinguished Chair in Economic Disparities at the Richard and Rhoda Goldman School of Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley. She studies the impact of tax and transfer programs on low-income families, particularly single parent families. She was the 2014 winner of the Carolyn Shaw Bell Award from the Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession. [1] [2] She has been a co-editor of the American Economic Review, co-editor of American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Associate editor of Journal of Public Economics and Journal of Economic Perspectives.
In 2023, she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. [3]
Her research has covered every major government anti-poverty program in the United States, including The Earned Income Tax Credit, Food Stamps, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and has examined outcomes such as labor supply, employment, marriage, divorce, infant health, and education. [1] She has found that people who lived in counties that adopted the Food Stamp program before their third birthday had better health later in life. Hoynes and her co-authors Almond and Schanzenbach were the first to contribute to the idea that FSP improves birth weights. They saw that the group receiving the FSP(treated) reduced the low birth weight by 7% for whites and between 5% and 11% for blacks. The authors do mention that not all treatment effects are statically significant; still they point to improvements in birth weights following the introduction of the Food Stamp Program. In her research with Almond and Schanzenbach they also explain that recipients of the FSP who are infra-marginal see in-kind transfers, like FSP, as an equivalent to cash; with this the authors expect an increase in both food consumption and normal goods. The Earned Income Tax Credit does much more to encourage parents' work and to reduce poverty among children at a lower cost to the federal budget than the Child Tax Credit and that Head Start. Preschool programs have longer-lasting impacts for children who do not speak English at home, Hoynes describes the EITC as the "cornerstone of U.S anti-poverty policy". Hoynes and Ankur J. Patel found that the 1993 expansion of the EITC increased employment for single mothers with less than a college degree by 6.1 percentage points. She suggests that there is growing evidence that the EITC improves children's cognitive outcomes and educational achievement from elementary school through college. Since the Great Recession, Hoynes' research has focused on the performance of anti-poverty programs in recessions. [4]
One important policy report regarding child poverty in which Dr. Hoynes took part in was as study done by California Policy Labs. This report looked at the expansion of the Child Tax Credit (CTC) and other safety-net programs to see their effects on eligible families in California. Findings found that by extending the CTC over 610,000 children became eligible in the state of California, however 38% of those eligible did not apply. Families which don’t apply for these programs are almost entirely no wage earners which do not file taxes. Policy makers which use a tax filing system to distribute stimuli will end up overlooking these zero income families leading to the high number of 42% no income earners not receiving these benefits. The study concluded with a need for policy makers to recognize who might be missing out on the benefits of these programs and how to ensure everyone is included. [5]
Hoynes has research affiliations at the National Bureau of Economic Research, the University of California, Davis Center for Poverty Research and the Institute for Fiscal Studies. She serves on the National Advisory Committee of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Scholars in Health Policy Research Program and the Advisory Committee for the National Science Foundation's Directorate for the Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences. [6] In 2016 Hoynes was appointed as a member of the Commission on Evidence-Based Policymaking. [7]
A tax cut represents a decrease in the amount of money taken from taxpayers to go towards government revenue. Tax cuts decrease the revenue of the government and increase the disposable income of taxpayers. Tax cuts usually refer to reductions in the percentage of tax paid on income, goods and services. As they leave consumers with more disposable income, tax cuts are an example of an expansionary fiscal policy. Tax cuts also include reduction in tax in other ways, such as tax credit, deductions and loopholes.
In the United States, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, is a federal government program that provides food-purchasing assistance for low- and no-income people to help them maintain adequate nutrition and health. It is a federal aid program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) under the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), though benefits are distributed by specific departments of U.S. states.
A child tax credit (CTC) is a tax credit for parents with dependent children given by various countries. The credit is often linked to the number of dependent children a taxpayer has and sometimes the taxpayer's income level. For example, with the Child Tax Credit in the United States, only families making less than $400,000 per year may claim the full CTC. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the tax credit is only available for families making less than £42,000 per year.
The economic policies of the Bill Clinton administration, referred to by some as Clintonomics, encapsulates the economic policies of president of the United States Bill Clinton that were implemented during his presidency, which lasted from January 1993 to January 2001.
The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) grant program is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) initiative in the United States that supports free tax preparation service for the underserved through various partner organizations.
Jeffrey B. Liebman is an American economist and academic. Since 2014, Liebman has served as director of the Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston at Harvard Kennedy School.
Child and family services (CFS) is a government or non-profit organisation designed to better the well being of individuals who come from unfortunate situations, environmental or biological. People who seek or are sought after to participate in these homes have no other resource to turn to. Children might come from abusive or neglectful homes, or live in very poor and dangerous communities. There are also agencies that cater to people who have biological deficiencies. Families that are trying to live in stable lives come to non-profit organisations for hope of a better future. Child and family services cater to many different types of people who are all in different situations. These services might be mandated through the courts via a governmental child protection agency or they might be voluntary. Child and family services may be mandated if:
The United States federal earned income tax credit or earned income credit is a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and couples, particularly those with children. The amount of EITC benefit depends on a recipient's income and number of children. Low-income adults with no children are eligible. For a person or couple to claim one or more persons as their qualifying child, requirements such as relationship, age, and shared residency must be met.
In the United States, poverty has both social and political implications. In 2020, there were 37.2 million people in poverty. Some of the many causes include income, inequality, inflation, unemployment, debt traps and poor education. The majority of adults living in poverty are employed and have at least a high school education. Although the US is a relatively wealthy country by international standards, it has a persistently high poverty rate compared to other developed countries due in part to a less generous welfare system.
Jeffrey Gale Williamson is the Laird Bell Professor of Economics (Emeritus), Harvard University; an Honorary Fellow in the Department of Economics at the University of Wisconsin (Madison); Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research; and Research Fellow for the Center for Economic and Policy Research. He also served (1994–1995) as the president of the Economic History Association. His research focus is and has been on comparative economic history and the history of the international economy and development. Economist Hilary Williamson Hoynes is his daughter.
Welfare dependency is the state in which a person or household is reliant on government welfare benefits for their income for a prolonged period of time, and without which they would not be able to meet the expenses of daily living. The United States Department of Health and Human Services defines welfare dependency as the proportion of all individuals in families which receive more than 50 percent of their total annual income from Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), food stamps, and/or Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. Typically viewed as a social problem, it has been the subject of major welfare reform efforts since the mid-20th century, primarily focused on trying to make recipients self-sufficient through paid work. While the term "welfare dependency" can be used pejoratively, for the purposes of this article it shall be used to indicate a particular situation of persistent poverty.
The California Work Opportunities and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs) program is the California welfare implementation of the federal welfare-to-work Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program that provides cash aid and services to eligible needy California families.
A large proportion of children in the United States experience poverty. As of 1992, children were the largest age group living below the poverty line, and around 1 in 5 children were affected as of 2016. Child poverty is measured using absolute and relative methods. It is caused by many factors, including race, education, and family structure, but ultimately race correlates with these factors. There are multiple effects due to this. Effects on health and development cause lifelong problems and lower educational outcomes, and food insecurity can also be caused by child poverty. The United States government has put in place programs using tax credits and transfers. There are also community programs that have impacted specific communities that have high child poverty rates. For future policies, research suggests that greater investment directed to children and families in poverty and connections between healthcare providers and financial services can lower the child poverty rate. In 2022, the child poverty rate climbed to 12.4% from 5.2% in 2021, largely as a result of the end of pandemic aid in late 2021.
Joseph N. Sanberg is an American entrepreneur. He is co-founder of Aspiration, Inc., initially an online banking and investing firm, and an early investor in meal delivery service Blue Apron. He is also the founder of CalEITC4Me, a California outreach program that helps low-income families claim the state and federal earned income tax credits.
Henrik Jacobsen Kleven is a Danish economist who is currently a professor of economics and public affairs at Princeton University. He is also co-editor of the American Economic Review. His research lies inside the domain of public economics and inequality, in particular questions about tax policy and welfare programs. He combines economic theory and empirical evidence to show ways of designing more effective public policies. His work has had policy impact in both developed and developing countries.
Elizabeth Cascio is an applied economist and currently a Professor of Economics who holds the DeWalt H. 1921 and Marie H. Ankeny Professorship in Economic Policy at Dartmouth College. Her research interests are in labor economics and public economics, and focus on the economic impact of policies affecting education in the United States. She is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a research associate at the IZA Institute of Labor Economics, and Co-editor of the Journal of Human Resources.
Damon Jones is an American economist and associate professor at the Harris School of Public Policy in the University of Chicago. Alongside his academic research, Jones is a popular science communicator and regularly provides expert commentary on issues related to economics and public policy. During the COVID-19 pandemic he investigated the disproportionate impact of coronavirus disease on communities of color, and delivered evidence on his findings before the United States House Committee on the Budget.
Nada O. Eissa is an American economist who is an associate professor of Public Policy and Economics at Georgetown University and a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). She was Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy (microeconomics) in 2005–2007.
The United States federal child tax credit (CTC) is a partially-refundable tax credit for parents with dependent children. It provided $2,000 in tax relief per qualifying child, with up to $1,400 of that refundable (subject to a refundability threshold, phase-in and phase-out). In 2021, following the passage of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, it was temporarily raised to $3,600 per child under the age of 6 and $3,000 per child between the ages of 6 and 17; it was also made fully-refundable and half was paid out as monthly benefits. This reverted back to the previous in 2022. The CTC is scheduled to revert to a $1,000 credit after 2025.
Economic Security Project (ESP) is an American progressive non-profit organization focused on economic issues, primarily guaranteed income and antimonopoly action. Founded in 2016 with the aim to "make our economy work again for all Americans," ESP has provided seed funding and organizational support for guaranteed income pilot projects across the country, and has advocated for the expansion of cash tax credits and for more robust antimonopoly action. Their efforts have contributed to the increased visibility and political viability of guaranteed income. Since its founding, ESP has helped to set in motion over 100 guaranteed income pilots, whereas there had been only 12 pilots at the time of its founding.
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