Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine

Last updated

Since 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued annual recommendations for influenza vaccine formulations. One reformulation of the influenza vaccine is for the Northern Hemisphere, and the other is for the Southern Hemisphere. [1] Both recommendations are trivalent, i.e. featuring three strains. [2]

Contents

Since the 2012–2013 season, the WHO recommendations have also included the formulation of an annual quadrivalent vaccine, featuring an additional strain of Influenza B virus, B/Yamagata. [2]

Due to the widespread use of non-pharmaceutical interventions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the B/Yamagata influenza lineage has not been isolated since March 2020, and may have been eradicated. Starting with the 2024 Southern Hemisphere influenza season, the WHO and other regulatory bodies have removed this strain from influenza vaccine recommendations. [3] [4] [5]

The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted to include the composition of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages, alongside a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing one influenza B lineage. [2]

NH winter seasonInfluenza A H1N1 Influenza A H3N2 Influenza B VictoriaInfluenza B Yamagata
1998–1999 [6] A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virusA/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Beijing/184/93-like virus
1999–2000 [7] A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virusA/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virusB/Shangdong/7/97-like virus [note 1] B/Beijing/184/93-like virus [note 1]
2000–2001 [8] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Beijing/184/93-like virus
2001–2002 [9] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Sichuan/379/99-like virus
2002–2003 [10] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virusB/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virusN/A
2003–2004 [11] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virusB/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virusN/A
2004–2005 [12] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus
2005–2006 [13] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/California/7/2004 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus
2006–2007 [14] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virusB/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virusN/A
2007–2008 [15] A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virusA/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virusB/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virusN/A
2008–2009 [16] A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virusA/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Florida/4/2006-like virus
2009–2010 [17] A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virusA/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusN/A
2010–2011 [18] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virusA/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusN/A
2011–2012 [19] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virusA/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusN/A
2012–2013 [20] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 [note 2] -like virus [21] A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus
2013–2014 [22] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA(H3N2) virus antigenically like the cell-propagated prototype virus A/Victoria/361/2011 [note 3] B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus
2014–2015 [23] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus [note 4] B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus
2015–2016 [24] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2016–2017 [25] [26] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2017–2018 [27] [28] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus [29] A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2018–2019 [30] [31] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virusB/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage)B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage)
2019–2020 [32] [33] [34] A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Kansas/14/2017 (H3N2)-like virusB/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage)B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage)
2020–2021 egg-based vaccines [35] A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virusB/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2020–2021 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [35] A/Hawaii/70/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virusB/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2021–2022 egg-based vaccines [36] A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virusB/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2021–2022 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [36] A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virusB/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2022–2023 egg-based vaccines [37] A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2022–2023 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [37] A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2023–2024 egg-based vaccines [38] [39] A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2023–2024 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [38] [39] A/Wisconsin/67/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2024–2025 egg-based vaccines [40] [4] A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Thailand/8/2022 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus [note 5]
2024–2025 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [40] [4] A/Wisconsin/67/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Massachusetts/18/2022 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus [note 5]

The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Southern Hemisphere influenza season.

SH winter seasonInfluenza A H1N1Influenza A H3N2Influenza B VictoriaInfluenza B Yamagata
1999 [41] A/Beijing/262/95 (H1N1)-like virusA/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Beijing/184/93-like virus
2000 [42] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virusB/Shangdong/7/97-like virus [note 1] B/Beijing/184/93-like virus [note 1]
2001 [43] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Sichuan/379/99-like virus
2002 [44] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Sichuan/379/99-like virus
2003 [45] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like virusB/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virusN/A
2004 [46] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Fujian/411/2002 (H3N2)-like virusB/Hong Kong/330/2001-like virusN/A
2005 [47] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Wellington/1/2004 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Shanghai/361/2002-like virus
2006 [48] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/California/7/2004 (H3N2)-like virusB/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virusN/A
2007 [49] A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like virusA/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)-like virusB/Malaysia/2506/2004-like virusN/A
2008 [50] A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)-like virusA/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Florida/4/2006-like virus
2009 [51] A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1)-like virusA/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2)-like virusN/AB/Florida/4/2006-like virus
2010 [52] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virusA/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusN/A
2011 [53] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virusA/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusN/A
2012 [54] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 [note 2] -like virus [21] A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusN/A
2013 [55] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Wisconsin/1/2010-like virus
2014 [56] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-like virus [note 4] B/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Massachusetts/2/2012-like virus
2015 [57] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2016 [58] A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2017 [59] [60] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus [29] A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2018 [61] [62] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virusB/Brisbane/60/2008-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus
2019 [63] [64] A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Switzerland/8060/2017 (H3N2)-like virusB/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage)B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage)
2020 [65] [66] A/Brisbane/02/2018 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/South Australia/34/2019 (H3N2)-like virusB/Washington/02/2019-like (B/Victoria lineage) virusB/Phuket/3073/2013-like (B/Yamagata lineage) virus
2021 egg-based vaccines [67] A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Hong Kong/2671/2019 (H3N2)-like virusB/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2021 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [67] A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Hong Kong/45/2019 (H3N2)-like virusB/Washington/02/2019 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2022 egg-based vaccines [68] A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2022 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [68] A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2023 egg-based vaccines [69] A/Sydney/5/2021 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Darwin/9/2021 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2023 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [69] A/Sydney/5/2021 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Darwin/6/2021 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2024 egg-based vaccines [70] A/Victoria/4897/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Thailand/8/2022 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus
2024 cell- or recombinant-based vaccines [70] A/Wisconsin/67/2022 (H1N1)pdm09-like virusA/Massachusetts/18/2022 (H3N2)-like virusB/Austria/1359417/2021 (B/Victoria lineage)-like virusB/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata lineage)-like virus

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 The recommendation was for either the B/Victoria or the B/Yamagata strain.
  2. 1 2 (H1N1)pdm09 is newer nomenclature for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, not a different strain.
  3. ↑ It is recommended that A/Texas/50/2012 is used as the A(H3N2) vaccine component because of antigenic changes in earlier A/Victoria/361/2011-like vaccine viruses (such as IVR-165) resulting from adaptation to propagation in eggs.
  4. 1 2 A/Texas/50/2012 is an A(H3N2) virus that following adaptation to growth in eggs has maintained antigenic properties similar to the majority of recently circulating cell-propagated A(H3N2) viruses including A/Victoria/361/2011.
  5. 1 2 The WHO, the FDA, and the EMA advise that the B/Yamagata lineage antigen should be excluded from influenza vaccines as it is no longer warranted.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oseltamivir</span> Antiviral medication used against influenza A and influenza B

Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. They recommend it to prevent infection in those at high risk, but not the general population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that clinicians use their discretion to treat those at lower risk who present within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. It is taken by mouth, either as a pill or liquid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza vaccine</span> Vaccine against influenza

Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s, with large-scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Live attenuated influenza vaccine</span> Nasal influenza vaccine

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is a type of influenza vaccine in the form of a nasal spray that is recommended for the prevention of influenza. It was developed by the Syrian-American epidemiologist Hunein Maassab.

The Hong Kong flu, also known as the 1968 flu pandemic, was a flu pandemic that occurred in 1968 and 1969 and which killed between one and four million people globally. It is among the deadliest pandemics in history, and was caused by an H3N2 strain of the influenza A virus. The virus was descended from H2N2 through antigenic shift, a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes are reassorted to form a new virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flu season</span> Recurring periods of influenza

Flu season is an annually recurring time period characterized by the prevalence of an outbreak of influenza (flu). The season occurs during the cold half of the year in each hemisphere. It takes approximately two days to show symptoms. Influenza activity can sometimes be predicted and even tracked geographically. While the beginning of major flu activity in each season varies by location, in any specific location these minor epidemics usually take about three weeks to reach its pinnacle, and another three weeks to significantly diminish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza pandemic</span> Pandemic involving influenza

An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads across a large region and infects a large proportion of the population. There have been six major influenza epidemics in the last 140 years, with the 1918 flu pandemic being the most severe; this is estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of 50–100 million people. The 2009 swine flu pandemic resulted in under 300,000 deaths and is considered relatively mild. These pandemics occur irregularly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H3N2</span> Virus subtype

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. In birds, humans, and pigs, the virus has mutated into many strains. In years in which H3N2 is the predominant strain, there are more hospitalizations.

National Influenza Centers are institutions which are formally recognized as such by the World Health Organization (WHO).

"The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network was established in 1952. The network comprises 4 WHO Collaborating Centres and 112 institutions in 83 countries, which are recognized by WHO as WHO National Influenza Centres (NICs). These NICs collect specimens in their country, perform primary virus isolation and preliminary antigenic characterization. They ship newly isolated strains to WHO CCs for high level antigenic and genetic analysis, the result of which forms the basis for WHO recommendations on the composition of influenza vaccine for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere each year."

<i>Influenza B virus</i> Species of virus

Influenza B virus is the only species in the genus Betainfluenzavirus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fujian flu</span> Strains of influenza

Fujian flu refers to flu caused by either a Fujian human flu strain of the H3N2 subtype of the Influenza A virus or a Fujian bird flu strain of the H5N1 subtype of the Influenza A virus. These strains are named after Fujian, a coastal province in Southeast China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis A vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent hepatitis A

Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's entire life. If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one. It is given by injection into a muscle. The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991, and the United States in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

The rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children. The vaccines prevent 15–34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37–96% of the risk of death among young children due to severe diarrhea. Immunizing babies decreases rates of disease among older people and those who have not been immunized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoid vaccine</span> Vaccines that prevent typhoid fever

Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in question. The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubella vaccine</span> Vaccine used to prevent rubella

Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and around 95% of people become immune. Countries with high rates of immunization no longer see cases of rubella or congenital rubella syndrome. When there is a low level of childhood immunization in a population it is possible for rates of congenital rubella to increase as more women make it to child-bearing age without either vaccination or exposure to the disease. Therefore, it is important for more than 80% of people to be vaccinated. By introducing rubella containing vaccines, rubella has been eradicated in 81 nations, as of mid-2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow fever vaccine</span> Vaccine that protects against yellow fever

Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine that protects against yellow fever. Yellow fever is a viral infection that occurs in Africa and South America. Most people begin to develop immunity within ten days of vaccination and 99% are protected within one month, and this appears to be lifelong. The vaccine can be used to control outbreaks of disease. It is given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic</span> 2009–2010 pandemic of swine influenza caused by H1N1 influenza virus

The 2009 swine flu pandemic, caused by the H1N1/swine flu/influenza virus and declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) from June 2009 to August 2010, was the third recent flu pandemic involving the H1N1 virus. The first identified human case was in La Gloria, Mexico, a rural town in Veracruz. The virus appeared to be a new strain of H1N1 that resulted from a previous triple reassortment of bird, swine, and human flu viruses which further combined with a Eurasian pig flu virus, leading to the term "swine flu".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine</span> Protection against the H1N1/09 virus

The 2009 swine flu pandemic vaccines were influenza vaccines developed to protect against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus. These vaccines either contained inactivated (killed) influenza virus, or weakened live virus that could not cause influenza. The killed virus was injected, while the live virus was given as a nasal spray. Both these types of vaccine were produced by growing the virus in chicken eggs. Around three billion doses were produced, with delivery in November 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetanus vaccine</span> Vaccines used to prevent tetanus

Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is a toxoid vaccine used to prevent tetanus. During childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth given during adolescence.

During the 1972–1973 flu season in the Northern Hemisphere, a new variant of influenza, dubbed the 'London flu' by the press in the United States, was responsible for epidemics in many countries. 'London flu' was caused by a variant of influenza A/H3N2 that was first isolated in India in mid-1971 but only identified as a distinct strain in England in January, 1972.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1957–1958 influenza pandemic</span> Pandemic of influenza virus (H2N2)

The 1957–1958 Asian flu pandemic was a global pandemic of influenza A virus subtype H2N2 that originated in Guizhou in Southern China. The number of excess deaths caused by the pandemic is estimated to be 1–4 million around the world, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history. A decade later, a reassorted viral strain H3N2 further caused the Hong Kong flu pandemic (1968–1969).

References

  1. ↑ Anker M, Schaaf D, World Health Organization (2000). WHO report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases (PDF) (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). hdl: 10665/66485 . WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/2000.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 Rudenko L, Kiseleva I, Krutikova E, Stepanova E, Rekstin A, Donina S, et al. (3 December 2018). "Rationale for vaccination with trivalent or quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccines: Protective vaccine efficacy in the ferret model". PLOS ONE. 13 (12) e0208028: e0208028. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1308028R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208028 . PMC   6277076 . PMID   30507951.
  3. ↑ Schnirring L (29 September 2023). "WHO advisers recommend switch back to trivalent flu vaccines". Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy . Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "Use of Trivalent Influenza Vaccines for the 2024-2025 U.S. flu season". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  5. ↑ "EU recommendations for 2024/2025 seasonal flu vaccine composition". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 26 March 2024. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  6. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere November 1998-April 1999". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  7. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: November 1999 to April 2000". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  8. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2000-2001". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  9. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2001-2002". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  10. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2002-2003". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  11. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2003-2004". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  12. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2004-2005". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  13. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2005-2006". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  14. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2006-2007". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  15. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2007-2008". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  16. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2008-2009". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  17. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Northern hemisphere: 2009-2010". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  18. ↑ "Recommended viruses for influenza vaccines for use in the 2010-2011 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  19. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2011-2012 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  20. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2012-2013 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  21. 1 2 "Standardization of terminology of the pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 virus" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  22. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2013-2014 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  23. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  24. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2015-2016 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  25. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016-2017 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  26. ↑ World Health Organization (March 2016). "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016–2017 northern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 91 (10): 121–32. hdl: 10665/254302 . PMID   26971356.
  27. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017-2018 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  28. ↑ World Health Organization (March 2017). "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017–2018 northern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 92 (11): 117–28. hdl: 10665/254758 . PMID   28303704.
  29. 1 2 "WHO switches H1N1 in Southern Hemisphere flu vaccine". University of Minnesota - Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP). 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017. A/Michigan/45/2015 replaces the longstanding A/California/7/2009 and is recommended to improve protection against two subclades that have emerged over the past season.
  30. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018-2019 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  31. ↑ World Health Organization (March 2018). "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018–2019 northern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 93 (12): 133–41. hdl: 10665/272270 . PMID   29569429.
  32. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019-2020 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  33. ↑ World Health Organization (March 2019). "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019–2020 northern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 94 (12): 141–50. hdl: 10665/311441 .
  34. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2020-2021 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  35. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2021-2022 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  36. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2022-2023 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  37. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2023-2024 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 24 February 2023. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  38. 1 2 "Influenza Vaccine for the 2023-2024 Season". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  39. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2024-2025 northern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 23 February 2024. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  40. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere 1999". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  41. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: May–October 2000". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  42. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: May–October 2001". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  43. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2002". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  44. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2003". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  45. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2004". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  46. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2005". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  47. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2006". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  48. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2007". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  49. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2008". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  50. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2009". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  51. ↑ "Recommendations for Influenza Vaccine Composition Southern hemisphere: 2010". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  52. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2011 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  53. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2012 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
  54. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2013 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  55. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2014 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  56. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2015 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  57. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2016 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  58. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  59. ↑ World Health Organization (October 2016). "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2017 southern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 91 (41): 469–84. hdl: 10665/250513 . PMID   27758094.
  60. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  61. ↑ World Health Organization (October 2017). "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 92 (42): 625–33. hdl: 10665/259276 . PMID   29052409.
  62. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 27 September 2018. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  63. ↑ World Health Organization (October 2018). "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019 southern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 93 (42): 553–62. hdl: 10665/275476 .
  64. ↑ "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2020 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 27 September 2019. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  65. ↑ World Health Organization (October 2019). "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2020 southern hemisphere influenza season". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 94 (42): 473–84. hdl: 10665/329391 .
  66. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2021 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 25 September 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  67. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2022 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  68. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2023 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 23 September 2022. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  69. 1 2 "Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2024 southern hemisphere influenza season". World Health Organization (WHO). 29 September 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.