The Hohenlychen Sanatorium was a complex of sanatoriums in Lychen, Uckermark district, 108 Km. north of Berlin, Germany, that was in use from 1902 to 1945. The complex was originally built in 1902 to house tubercular children. By the 1930s the Hohenlychen Sanatorium had become one of the main medical facilities of the Schutzstaffel, where injured or convalescing SS-men were treated.
The treatment of tuberculosis developed in the second half of the 19th century, which required plenty of sunlight, clean air, a balanced diet, and sufficient exercise, initially led to the establishment of private sanatoriums for wealthy patients. However, many working-class people were also affected by the disease. Following the passing of the first social welfare legislation, the state insurance institutions that were established in the 1890s saw it as their responsibility to build many sanatoriums. Between 1898 and 1904, there was a veritable building boom - in Prussia alone, forty-nine new sanatoriums were built, and existing ones were expanded [1]
In 1902, Gotthold Pannwitz, the founder of the Central Committee for the Establishment of Sanatoriums for Lung Diseases, acquired around one hectare of land from the town of Lychen for the People's Sanatorium Association of the German Red Cross. The sanatorium was initially run on a trial basis for three months in the summer. Two barracks were erected to accommodate sixteen girls and sixteen boys. There was also a service barrack. Meals were served in 1902 in the nearby "Schützenhaus" restaurant, and from the summer of 1903 there was already a separate dining hall with a kitchen on the premises. [2]
After some initial resistance, the town agreed to the expansion of the site by a further two hectares and the first permanent buildings were erected in 1903 to accommodate sixty children. In October, the girls' home for twenty patients was opened. The architectural designs were created by the architects Paul Hakenholz and Paul Brandes. The grounds of the institution ultimately covered an area of almost sixteen hectares.
In 1904, Heinrich Venn donated St. Helen's Chapel. [3] In 1905, another association joined the project, and by 1907 it had erected the "Cecilienheim", which was designed for ninety children and was the first clinic in Prussia to offer surgical and orthopaedic treatment for children. In 1907, a third dormitory building with an integrated bathing facility was added for children with pulmonary tuberculosis. [4]
The facility was steadily expanded. By the mid-1920s, forty-seven buildings had been erected at the Hohenlychen site. The sanatorium consisted of fifteen specialist medical departments, the most important of which were the "Viktoria Luise Children's Sanatorium" for children suffering from tuberculosis and the "Empress Auguste Viktoria Sanatorium" for women suffering from tuberculosis. There was also the "Waldfrieden" recreation home for children suffering from tuberculosis, the "Werner Hospital" for surgical operations, the holiday settlement at the Zenssee for children suffering from tuberculosis and the "Queen Luise Memorial Country Settlement". A small farm and the state-approved nurses' school "Augusta Helpers' School" belonged to the institution. The sanatorium association also ran its own spa hotel near Lychen railway station from January 1910. [5]
During the First World War, the sanatorium was used as a military hospital. After 1918, the generous support provided before the war failed to resume. The onset of inflation made the financial situation even more difficult. The rural settlement and the further education schools had to close. Between 1924 and 1927, there was a brief upswing, as renovation work was carried out with funds from several ministries and the Red Cross in preparation for the 25th anniversary. During this time, Hohenlychen gained worldwide importance, especially in terms of its success in the orthopaedic and surgical treatment of bone and joint tuberculosis. In 1927, the League of Nations' hygiene commission met at the sanatorium. Two years later, however, the "Waldfrieden" children's convalescent home also had to close for financial reasons. [6]
After the Nazi takeover Dr Karl Gebhardt got in touch with his friend, Heinrich Himmler, with whom he had been at school in Landshut. He started the process of joining the SS, and was assigned to Hans von Tschammer und Osten, who put him in contact with Leonardo Conti. Conti appointed him to be Medical Superintendent at Hohenlychen, on the basis that that the sanatorium should be turned into a centre for sport and rehabilitation medicine, and act as a military hospital for the SS [7] . Despite its excellent results in treating tuberculosis in children, the Jewish medical director who had held the post for nineteen years was dismissed, and Gebhardt was able to realise his plans [8] . The focus was now on sports and occupational injuries as well as reconstructive surgery. Surgical and inpatient departments for the special treatment of adults with joint disorders and lung diseases were established.
The establishment also became a Reich sports sanatorium. Funding from German Sport Aid enabled investments to be made to expand and modernize the facility. The clinical department for sports and occupational injuries was extremely popular. The former national coach Otto Nerz claimed that a hypothetical "Hohenlychen national team" could compete against almost any soccer team, as many national players and top athletes were treated and recovered in Lychen. Hohenlychen was considered a "fashionable place to stay" not only for patients undergoing treatment, but also for officials of the NSDAP. Heinrich Himmler and Rudolf Hess were frequent guests. The visitors' books list numerous Nazi celebrities who visited the sanatoriums. In addition to Hitler himself, these included the Leaders of the Reich, Reich sports leaders, state secretaries, army staff doctors and international delegations from Italy, England, France, Portugal, Chile, Peru and Argentina. The mayor of Tokyo spent his vacation in Hohenlychen, as did the Greek crown prince and princess. In addition to curing and recuperating patients and officials, lectures were also held, especially for medical elites. The establishment now had over 500 beds [9] .
A gymnasium could also be used for cinema screenings and company parties. In addition to the bathing facilities at the lakes, a large swimming pool, which also served as a treatment pool for water massages, was built. The glass roof could be opened on warm sunny days. In addition to further sports grounds, a further pharmacy was built and a weather station, which was to be used for research into the relationship between the weather and the course of illnesses was installed. The town of Lychen benefited from the sanatoriums, especially through tourism. Between 1933 and 1942, over 25,000 patients were treated. Many residents were given work in the sanatoriums. A second railway station was built to provide better infrastructure and a faster connection to Berlin. Hitler's second personal physician Ludwig Stumpfegger worked under Karl Gebhardt, as did Fritz Fischer, Herta Oberheuser and Kurt Heißmeyer.
On the outbreak of war, the sanatorium became a military hospital for the SS. In 1942 Karl Gebhardt’s reputation suffered a blow. Reinhardt Heydrich, Himmler’s right-hand man had suffered an assassination attempt on the 27th of May. Gebhardt did not value sulphonamide (an antibiotic) and Heydrich was only given a low dose, which was not sufficient to prevent his death. Ernst-Robert Grawitz, head of the German Red Cross had previously suggested to Gebhardt that he should carry out experiments on concentration camp inmates, but he had been reluctant to do so. Now he was motivated by the need to justify his actions. After gaining Himmler’s agreement, the experiments started at Ravensbrück Women’s Concentration Camp nearby. Gebhardt, first reported on the clinical trials on August 29, 1942. The test groups consisted of thirty-six women who had bacteria, some with wood and glass particles, inserted into their thighs. Three of the test subjects died and it was concluded that the sulphonamides were not effective in preventing wound infections [10] . Parallel to the sulphonamide experiments, Ludwig Stumpfegger carried out experiments on the transplantation of bones, nerves, and muscles in Hohenlychen [11] .
When Himmler realized that the War was ending, he believed that he could present himself positively to the Allies. He negotiated with the head of the Swedish Red Cross, Folke Bernadotte, a member of the Swedish royal family and met with him in Hohenlychen. During these talks, the White Buses rescue mission was agreed. However, Himmler's intended surrender did not take place. At the end of the war, the military hospital was completely evacuated. During this time, Heinrich Himmler's field command post, codenamed "Steiermark", was also located in Hohenlychen. The command post was located in a train which stood on the Britz-Fürstenberg line [12] .
As the buildings were marked with red crosses on the roof, there were initially no bombing raids during the war. However, thirty-two soldiers died in an air raid on April 27, 1945, and two days later the largely intact sanatorium was handed over to Soviet units without a fight. The Red Army, under their commander Nazarov, looted and destroyed all the facilities. Some of the operating and X-ray equipment was destroyed or taken away. St. Helen's Chapel was also a victim of this destruction. The altar and organ were taken away and the chapel was used as a fuel depot.
Karl Gebhardt, who had fled to Flensburg in the last days of the war [5] was arrested shortly afterwards. At the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial in 1948 he was charged with crimes against humanity and sentenced to death. His assistant doctors Fritz Fischer and Herta Oberheuser were sentenced to life imprisonment and twenty years' imprisonment respectively. Following their escape from the Führerbunker a few hours after Hitler's suicide Ludwig Stumpfegger and Martin Bormann committed suicide at the Lehrter station in Berlin using cyanide capsules.
The Soviet armed forces in Germany used the sanatoriums as a military hospital and maternity unit. The sanatorium no longer reached its former size and was partly converted into accommodation for soldiers. On August 31, 1993, the last Soviet detachment left.
During the GDR era, Deutsche Post ran a vacation camp here for the children of its employees.
In 2009, Freiberg civil engineer Michael Neumann bought a part of the complex - nine buildings on twelve hectares - from the state of Brandenburg. Neumann then developed a concept for a park residence in Lychen. In his spirit - he died in 2019 - his daughter Anne Neumann and relatives have continued to pursue these plans. The development consists of fully accessible rental apartments, vacation apartments and a bistro. Many of the listed buildings have already been renovated.
In the Prix Goncourt winning novel, Les Bienveillantes, the Hohenlychen Sanatorium was the location of the protagonist Maximilian Aue's hospitalisation after having been shot in the head at Stalingrad.
Herta Oberheuser was a German Nazi physician and convicted war criminal who performed medical atrocities on prisoners at the Ravensbrück women's concentration camp. For her role in the Holocaust, she was sentenced to 20 years in prison at the Doctors' Trial, but served only five years of her sentence. A survivor of Ravensbrück called Oberheuser "a beast masquerading as a human".
A sanatorium, also sanitarium or sanitorium, is a historic name for a specialised hospital for the treatment of specific diseases, related ailments and convalescence. Sanatoriums are often in a healthy climate, usually in the countryside. The idea of healing was an important reason for the historical wave of establishments of sanatoriums, especially at the end of the 19th- and early 20th centuries. One sought, for instance, the healing of consumptives especially tuberculosis or alcoholism, but also of more obscure addictions and longings of hysteria, masturbation, fatigue and emotional exhaustion. Facility operators were often charitable associations such as the Order of St. John and the newly founded social welfare insurance companies.
The Waverly Hills Sanatorium is a former sanatorium located in the Waverly Hills neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky.
Theodor Gilbert Morell was a German medical doctor known for acting as Adolf Hitler's personal physician. Morell was well known in Germany for his unconventional treatments. He assisted Hitler daily in virtually everything he did for several years and was beside Hitler until the last stages of the Battle of Berlin. Morell was granted high awards by Hitler, and became a multi-millionaire by way of business deals with the Nazi government, this being made possible by way of his status.
Fritz Ernst Fischer was a Nazi German medical doctor who performed medical atrocities on inmates of the Ravensbrück concentration camp. He was tried and convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the 1947 Doctors' Trial; he was sentenced to life imprisonment, but his sentence was commuted to 15 years and he was released in 1954.
Karl Franz Gebhardt was a Nazi physician and a war criminal. Gebhardt was the main coordinator of a series of medical atrocities performed on inmates of the concentration camps at Ravensbrück and Auschwitz. These experiments were an attempt to defend his approach to the surgical management of grossly contaminated traumatic wounds, against the then-new innovations of antibiotic treatment of injuries acquired on the battlefield.
Ludwig Stumpfegger was a German doctor who served in the SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was Adolf Hitler's personal surgeon from 1944 to 1945, and was present in the Führerbunker in Berlin in late April 1945.
Glen Lake Sanatorium, a tuberculosis treatment center serving Hennepin County in Minnesota, opened on January 4, 1916, with a capacity of 50 patients, and closed in 1976. In 1909, the Minnesota State Legislature had passed a bill authorizing the appointment of county sanatorium boards and appropriating money for the construction of county sanatoriums. Glen Lake Sanatorium was the fifth of fourteen county sanatoria that opened in Minnesota between 1912 and 1918. Glen Lake was the first U.S. tuberculosis sanatorium to be accredited by the American Medical Association.The sanatorium had its own post office, and the mailing address was Glen Lake Sanatorium, Oak Terrace, Minnesota, until the surrounding area was incorporated into the City of Minnetonka.
Lauren Vedder Ackerman was an American physician and pathologist, who championed the subspecialty of surgical pathology in the mid-20th century.
Boleslav Vladimirovich Likhterman was a Soviet medical researcher. He is best remembered as a pioneer in the use of high frequency electrical currents in the treatment of physical ailments and as an editor of the academic journal Voprosi Kurortologii, Physiotherapii i Lechebnoi Physicheskoi Kultury.
The Rutland Heights State Hospital was a state sanatorium for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis located in Rutland, Massachusetts, USA built for the purpose of treating Tuberculosis patients. The facility was the first state-operated sanatorium in the United States, opening in 1898 and operating for around 93 years before its closure in 1991. Rutland Heights opened under the title “Massachusetts Hospital for Consumptives and Tubercular Patients,” to which it operated until 1900, where it was renamed to “Massachusetts State Sanatorium.” In 1919 it was renamed to “Rutland State Sanatorium,” which was the longest operating name of the hospital, effective until 1963. In 1963, it was renamed briefly to “Rutland Hospital,” and successively in 1965 to “Rutland Heights State Hospital,” which was the final title of the hospital until closing. In 2004, the hospital was demolished.
The Indian hospitals were racially segregated hospitals, originally serving as tuberculosis sanatoria but later operating as general hospitals for indigenous peoples in Canada which operated during the 20th century. The hospitals were originally used to isolate Indigenous tuberculosis patients from the general population because of a fear among health officials that "Indian TB" posed a danger to the non-indigenous population. Many of these hospitals were located on Indian reserves, and might also be called reserve hospitals, while others were in nearby cities.
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The town of Colorado Springs, Colorado, played an important role in the history of tuberculosis in the era before antituberculosis drugs and vaccines. Tuberculosis management before this era was difficult and often of limited effect. In the 19th century, a movement for tuberculosis treatment in hospital-like facilities called sanatoriums became prominent, especially in Europe and North America. Thus people sought tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs because of its dry climate and fresh mountain air. Some people stayed in boarding houses, while others sought the hospital-like facilities of sanatoriums. In the 1880s and 1890s, it is estimated that one-third of the people living in Colorado Springs had tuberculosis. The number of sanatoriums and hospitals increased into the twentieth century. During World War II, medicines were developed that successfully treated tuberculosis and by the late 1940s specialized tuberculosis treatment facilities were no longer needed.
The Firland Sanatorium was Seattle's municipal tuberculosis treatment center. It opened on May 2, 1911, and closed on October 30, 1973.
The Pinewood Hospital was a hospital in Pinewood, near Crowthorne, England, for the treatment of people suffering from tuberculosis. It was located in a pine wood as pine trees were thought to be beneficial in the treatment of the disease. It opened as the London Open Air Sanatorium in 1901 before becoming the Pinewood Sanatorium. It treated casualties of the First and Second World Wars and after the second, began to treat general thoracic patients as tuberculosis became less prevalent. It closed in 1966.
The Tuberculosis sanatorium Hohenstein was a sanatorium in Hohenstein, East Prussia specialized in pulmonology and Tuberculosis treatment for male patients. Founded in 1903, it was located about 4 km north of the town center in the municipal forest and closed down in 1933.
Whiteabbey Hospital is a hospital located close to the village of Whiteabbey, within the town of Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland. The hospital first opened in 1907 as The Abbey Sanitorium, centred around a country house known as 'The Abbey'. The house has stood on the site from 1850, and was once the residence of prominent architect Charles Lanyon. The hospital was extended and several buildings added throughout the early 20th century, and it was renamed Whiteabbey Hospital in 1947. The hospital is managed by the Northern Health and Social Care Trust. Many healthcare services have been withdrawn from the hospital, most recently with the closure of the Minor Injuries Unit in 2014.
Eleanor Soltau (1877–1962) was an English doctor who led the first unit of the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service in Serbia.
The Heavitree isolation hospital, also for a time known as the Exeter Corporation Tuberculosis Sanatorium, was a small pulmonary tuberculosis sanatorium located on Hollow Lane, Exeter, United Kingdom. The site is a few hundred metres to the west of the Whipton Hospital.
Hans Waltrich. Aufstieg und Niedergang der Heilanstalten Hohenlychen (1902 bis 1945). Strelitzia, Blankensee Press, 2001.
Hohenlychen Sanatorium and its hidden history of human experiments
