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Dr. Hossein Gharib is a physician who specializes in thyroid disorders. He was born in Tehran, Iran, on February 2, 1940, and is a consulting physician at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
Gharib grew up in Tehran, the son of Dr. Mohammad Gharib (1909–1975), a former professor and chair of pediatrics at Tehran University (1938–1975), and Zahra Gharib (1915–2010), daughter of Ostad Abdolazim Gharib (1877–1965), a professor of Persian literature. Both his father, Mohammad Gharib, and his grandfather, Abdolazim Gharib, were honored by postage stamps issued by the government of Iran (see Mohammad Gharib, Mayo Clinic Proc 67:339, 1992</ref>). Gharib has two sisters, Nahid Ziai, of McLean, VA and Mayram Comninos, of Paris, France and one brother, Dr. Mohsen Gharib, of Bethesda, MD.
Gharib attended Ferdowsi Grade School (1946–1952) and later Alborz High School (1952–1958), graduating with honors in 1958. He traveled to the United States to study medicine. He received a B.S. degree from the Ohio State University in 1962. He went on to receive a medical degree from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1966, and took his internship at Philadelphia General Hospital from 1966 to 1967. He completed an internal medicine residency (1967–1969) and fellowship in endocrinology and metabolism (1969–1971) at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. After a visiting fellowship in reproductive endocrinology at the Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons in New York City, he joined the Mayo Clinic faculty in Rochester in 1972.
In 1974, he returned briefly to Iran, where he was initially Director of Research Laboratory at the Queen Heart Hospital before being appointed medical director of the Reza Pahlavi Medical Center (1975–1977), a 250-bed, modern hospital in Northern Tehran. Reza Pahlavi Hospital was part of the Imperial Social Services Organization (Sazeman-e Shahanshahi Khadamat-e Ejtemaee). Gharib later became the associate dean of the College of Health Sciences (1977) and served as the Professor and Director of the Department of Internal Medicine at Saadat-Abad Medical Center, National University (1977–1979). In June 1979, he returned to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester to become professor of medicine at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, and a consultant in the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition. He also teaches and conducts clinical research.
Research
In 1971, Gharib and his colleagues developed the first radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure triiodothyronine (T3) in human serum. Published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (JCEM) between 1970 and 1971, his initial observations hold true today. [1] This was a major development that allowed further extensive studies on the mechanisms of thyroid hormones physiology and metabolism.
In the 1980s, Gharib focused his attention on nodular thyroid disease (NTD) and thyroid cancer, making a number of important contributions to thyroid practice. For example, an early paper emphasized the importance of NTD in clinical practice (New England Journal of Medicine, 1985); several studies illustrated the technique, accuracy, and impact of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy in the management of nodules (Acta Cytol, 1987; Annals of Internal Medicine, 1993); and defined the limitations of FNA (Annals, 1984). He gets credit for helping establish the accuracy and safety of thyroid FNA biopsy in the management of thyroid nodular disease. His seminal study published in NEJM in 1987 was a landmark report that challenged the conventional wisdom that long-term thyroid hormone therapy shrinks thyroid nodules. This report initially sparked considerable controversy but, when confirmed by others, eventually changed medical practice and thyroid hormones are no longer used to suppress benign nodular goiters (Annals 1998; Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 2007). He was one of the first to draw attention to the high prevalence of the incidentally discovered thyroid nodules, "thyroid incidentalomas", and described steps in diagnosis and challenges in their management (Arch Int Med, 1995; Annals Internal Med, 1997; Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America, 2000).
Publications, Lectures and Memberships
Gharib co-edited the first[ citation needed ] evidence-based endocrinology textbook, originally published in 2003, with the fourth edition printed in 2020. In 2013, he and three colleagues edited and published the textbook Endocrinology: A Problem-Oriented Approach. In 2017 he published the book Thyroid Nodule. Other published works include more than 120 peer-reviewed original papers, 50 review articles and 30 textbook chapters. He travels worldwide to teach and lecture, and by 2020 he had lectured at 350 endocrine events in more than 35 countries. He takes pride in regularly visiting his home country, Iran, to teach and educate.
He is a member of the American Medical Association (AMA), Minnesota Medical Association (MMA), AACE, Endocrine Society, American College of Physicians (ACP), and the American Thyroid Association (ATA). He was a member of the MMA Committee on CME (2007–2010) and chaired that committee from 2006 to 2009. He has served on numerous ATA committees, including Awards, Development, Membership, Patient Education & Advocacy, and Public Health.
He has served on the editorial boards of Acta Endocrinologia (Romania); Endocrinology News; JCEM; Endocrine Practice; International Journal of Endocrinology; U.S. Endocrinology; Portuguese Journal of Endocrinology; Diabetes & Metabolism; and Thyroid. He has served as the Dean of Endocrine University (EU) since 2004. [2]
He was elected a Master of the American College of Endocrinology in 2004 [3] [4] and a Master of the American College of Physicians in 2006 [5] [6] He has held leadership positions with the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), serving as president in 2002. [7] [8] In 2008 he became president of the American College of Endocrinology, [9] which announced in 2012 a campaign to fund the Hossein Gharib (MD) Educational Fund, "in honor of Hossein Gharib, MD, MACE in recognition of his outstanding contributions to clinical endocrinology."
He became president of the American Thyroid Association at the ATA annual meeting in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in October 2013. The American College of Endocrinology awarded him its Yank D. Coble Jr, MD, Distinguished Service Award [10] during the College Convocation on May 17, 2014, in Las Vegas.
In September 2015, Gharib received an honorary doctorate degree from Carol Davila University of Medicine & Pharmacy in Bucharest, Romania, for his "academic, scientific and human merits." He received the H. Jack Baskin, MD, Endocrine Teaching Award from AACE in May 2018, in Boston, Massachusetts.
In April 2021, he published his second book on Dr Mohammad Gharib, entitled "Mohammad Gharib, M.D.: His Inspiring Life & Legacy."
In 1976, Hossein married Minoo (Zahra) Jalili, an elementary schoolteacher from Yazd in Tehran. Minoo's mother was Fatemeh Ezzat Khatibi Nouri and her father, Seyyed Mahmoud Jalili, was a prominent, well-respected Iranian politician, and later served as a Senator from Yazd. Minoo and Hossein and their three children, Mohammad Hossein, Yasamin & Mahmood have lived in Rochester, MN, since 1979. They have four grandchildren, Amir, Zara, Aria & Cyrus. Minoo died of breast cancer and was interred on February 2, 2005 at Rochester's Oakwood Cemetery; she was 58 years old.
Roozegar-e Gharib (loosely translated to "The Era of Gharib") is a 36-part Iranian television series based on the life of Dr. Mohammad Gharib first shown in 2007. Hossein, his siblings, and other members of the Gharib family are also portrayed in the film by Iranian actors.
Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones. Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, or abbreviated TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body. It is a glycoprotein hormone produced by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid.
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ. These hormones normally act in the body to regulate energy use, infant development, and childhood development.
Toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG), also known as multinodular toxic goiter (MNTG), is an active multinodular goiter associated with hyperthyroidism.
Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) is the largest and most highly ranked medical university of Iran. In September 2008, Iran's Minister of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education, Dr. Lankarani, called TUMS a pioneer in research throughout the country with a noticeable lead over its peer universities.
The Endocrine Society is a professional, international medical organization in the field of endocrinology and metabolism, founded in 1916 as The Association for the Study of Internal Secretions. The official name of the organization was changed to the Endocrine Society on January 1, 1952. It is a leading organization in the field and publishes four leading journals. It has more than 18,000 members from over 120 countries in medicine, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, physiology, genetics, immunology, education, industry, and allied health. The Society's mission is: "to advance excellence in endocrinology and promote its essential and integrative role in scientific discovery, medical practice, and human health."
Desiccated thyroid, also known as thyroid extract, is thyroid gland that has been dried and powdered for medical use. It is used to treat hypothyroidism. It is less preferred than levothyroxine. It is taken by mouth. Maximal effects may take up to three weeks to occur.
Thyroid nodules are nodules which commonly arise within an otherwise normal thyroid gland. They may be hyperplastic or tumorous, but only a small percentage of thyroid tumors are malignant. Small, asymptomatic nodules are common, and often go unnoticed. Nodules that grow larger or produce symptoms may eventually need medical care. A goitre may have one nodule – uninodular, multiple nodules – multinodular, or be diffuse.
Mohammad Gharib was an Iranian physician, clinician, distinguished university professor and a pioneer of pediatrics in Iran.
Saul Hertz, M.D. was an American physician who devised the medical uses of radioactive iodine. Hertz pioneered the first targeted cancer therapies. Hertz is called the father of the field of theranostics, combining diagnostic imaging with therapy in a single or paired chemical substance(s).
Samuel E. Dagogo-Jack is a Nigerian-American physician. He is the A.C. Mullins Endowed Professor in Translational Research, Professor of Medicine, and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. He is also an Editor of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Mitchell Lazar is an endocrinologist and physician-scientist known for his discovery of the hormone resistin and his contributions to the transcriptional regulation of metabolism.
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The American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE), formerly known as the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, is a professional community of physicians specializing in endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism. AACE's mission is elevating clinical endocrinology to improve global health. The association is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, US.
Daniel David Federman, was an American endocrinologist and the Carl W. Walter Distinguished Professor of Medicine and the dean for medical education at Harvard Medical School. He helped change medical education at through its New Pathway curriculum around the early 1990s, and his work helped create the field of genetic endocrinology. Federman also worked for over thirty years at Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital, a Harvard teaching hospital in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area.
Abbas Eqbal Kitabchi was an Iranian-born American doctor, teacher, and research scientist, whose major contributions in the field of medicine related to the treatment of severe conditions arising from diabetes. He spent his professional career in Memphis, TN and his work influenced the practices of physicians around the nation and the world.
Sanjay Kalra is an Indian endocrinologist working at Bharti Hospital, Karnal, Haryana. Kalra is the Immediate Past President of Endocrine Society of India and Vice President of South Asian Federation of Endocrine Societies. He also serves on the executive council of the Research Society for Study of Diabetes in India. He has over 1000 PubMed indexed articles to his name, and has fostered bilateral and multilateral links between various Afro Asian countries in the field of endocrinology. He has developed the terms Glucocrinology and Lipocrinology. and the Gluco Coper tool to assess coping mechanisms. Winner of the DAWN Award (2009). He has also published the concepts of diabetes fatigue syndrome, euthymia in diabetes, quaternary prevention in endocrinology, and quinary prevention.
Joseph Edward Rall was an American endocrinologist and research director at the National Institutes of Health. He was an expert on the thyroid gland, particularly its proteins and its relationship with radioactive iodine.
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