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| Ethnicity in Beijing |
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Beijing has a large community of Hui people, totaling 249,223 people per the 2010 Chinese Census, or 2.35% of the city's total population. [1] As of 2010, the Hui are the second largest minority in the city, behind the Manchu. [1] Neighborhoods with high concentrations of Hui people, such as Niujie, exist throughout the city. [2]
The Niujie Mosque was built in the late 10th century and Muslims have been present in Beijing since at least this period. [3]
During the Yuan dynasty, Beijing became a center for Chinese Islam. The Muslim population of Beijing began increasing soon after the Yuan dynasty and became the home of many notable Muslims. The population of Muslims in Beijing was placed at 3,000 households in the 13th century. During the early Ming dynasty, individual Muslims in the city were granted political and religious titles by the government. In the Qing dynasty, the city became even more important for Muslims as it was a hub for intellectual and cultural exchanges among Chinese Muslims. The authorities promoted the Muslim community of Beijing as a model to be followed by other Muslims in China [3]
During the Republican period, the Muslims of Beijing survived the political turmoil by promoting Islamic education and culture along with patriotism for their country. Since 1949, Beijing has served as the center for the Chinese Islamic Association and the Chinese Islamic Institute which helps organize the Muslim community of Beijing and China. [3]
The 1982 census stated that 184,693 people in Beijing were Hui, making up around 2% of Beijing's total population and 57% of the population classified as ethnic minority. Village and Family in Contemporary China, a 1980 study by William L. Parish and Martin K. Whyte, stated that there were 16,000 Muslims in Beijing. Dru C. Gladney, author of Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic, wrote that based on the 1982 census, the 1980 study had "drastically" underestimated the number of Hui in Beijing. [4]
As of 1996 there was no published data based on the 1982 census which maps the distributions of Hui people in the city. [4] The Niujie ("Oxen Street") community, as of 1996, has the city's highest Hui concentration. [2] As of 1996 other communities which have concentrations of Hui include Madian, Chaonei, Chaowai, Chongwai, Haidian, Sanlihe, [4] and Huashi.[ citation needed ]
By 2002, Niujie had survived the massive development in Beijing since it was located away from the northern end of Beijing. [5] By that year Madian's Hui population eroded due to redevelopment. [6]
Dru C. Gladney stated that Islamic restaurants are often indicators of where Hui in Beijing live. [7] As of 1996 within Beijing the Hui had operated hundreds of Islamic restaurants. [4]
As of 2017 there were about 70 mosques in Beijing. [4] Gladney wrote that the Niujie Mosque in Niujie serves hundreds of Hui families, and typically the presence of one Hui mosque would indicate that 500 Hui individuals or 100 Hui families live in the vicinity. [2]
Chinese Islamic cuisine consists of variations of regionally popular foods that are typical of Han Chinese cuisine, in particular to make them halal. Dishes borrow ingredients from Middle Eastern, Turkic, and South Asian cuisines, notably mutton and spices. Much like other northern Chinese cuisines, Chinese Islamic cuisine uses wheat noodles as the staple, rather than rice. Chinese Islamic dishes include clear-broth beef noodle soup and chuanr.
The Hui people are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam. They are distributed throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces and in the Zhongyuan region. According to the 2010 census, China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people. Outside China, the 170,000 Dungan people of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Panthays in Myanmar, Hui Chin Haws in Thailand are also considered part of the Hui ethnicity.
Hui pan-nationalism refers to the common identity among diverse communities of Chinese-speaking Muslims. Hui pan-nationalism should be distinguished from nationalist sentiments by minority groups who are also Muslim such as those of the Uyghurs. These sentiments are grounded upon the Hui "zealously preserving and protecting their identity as enclaves ensconced in the dominant Han society." In exchange for support during the Cultural Revolution, the Hui were granted high political participation. Hui pan-nationalism was one of the first sources of modern Chinese nationalism, influenced by Western, Japanese and Soviet influences.
Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE. Muslims are a minority group in China, representing 1 to 1.5 percent of the total population according to various estimates. Though Hui Muslims are the most numerous group, the greatest concentration of Muslims are in Xinjiang, which contains a significant Uyghur population. Lesser yet significant populations reside in the regions of Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai. Of China's 55 officially recognized minority peoples, ten of these groups are predominantly Sunni Muslim.
Madian is a community in Haidian District, northern Beijing. It is adjacent to the intersection of the 3rd Ring Road and the Badaling Expressway, at the Haidian District-Xicheng District border. Two separate street administrative offices serve portions of Madian.
Xuanwu District was a district of the Municipality of Beijing, China. It was located southwest to the city center, outside of Xuanwu Gate. The district was merged into Xicheng District in July 2010.
"Guo", written in Chinese: 郭, is one of the most common Chinese surnames and means "the wall that surrounds a city" in Chinese. It can also be transliterated as Cok, Gou, Quo, Quach, Quek, Que, Keh, Kuo, Kwo, Kuoch, Kok, Koc, Kwee, Kwek, Kwik, Kwok, Kuok, Kuek, Gock, Koay, or Ker. The Korean equivalent is spelled Kwak; the Vietnamese equivalent is Quach. The different ways of spelling this surname indicate the origin of the family. For example, the Cantonese "Kwok" originated in Hong Kong and the surrounding area. In the Philippines, it's "Que", "Ke", "Quepe", and "Kepa". It is the 18th most common family name in China and can be traced as far back as the Xia dynasty. There are eight legendary origins of the Guo surname, which include a Persian (Hui) origin, a Korean origin, and a Mongolian origin, as a result of sinicization. However, the majority of people bearing the surname Guo are descended from the Han Chinese.
The Niujie Mosque is the oldest mosque in Beijing, China. It was first built in 996 during the Liao dynasty and was reconstructed as well as enlarged under the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.
Linxia City, once known as Hezhou, is a county-level city in the province of Gansu, China and the capital of the multi-ethnic Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture. It is located in the valley of the Daxia River, 150 km (93 mi) southwest of the provincial capital Lanzhou.
Sayyid Ajall Shams al-Din Omar al-Bukhari was Yunnan's first provincial governor, appointed by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China.
Ding is a Chinese family name. It consists of only 2 strokes. The only two characters that have fewer strokes are "一" and "乙".
The history of Islam in China dates back to 1,300 years ago. Currently, Chinese Muslims are a minority group in China, representing between 0.45% to 1.8% of the total population according to the latest estimates. Although Hui Muslims are the most numerous group, the greatest concentration of Chinese Muslims are located in Northwestern China, mostly in the autonomous region of Xinjiang, which holds a significant Uyghur population. Lesser but significant Chinese Muslim populations reside in the regions of Ningxia, Gansu, and Qinghai. Of China's 55 officially recognized minority peoples, ten groups are predominantly Sunnī Muslim.
Chang Yuchun, courtesy name Boren and art name Yanheng, was a Chinese military general of the Ming dynasty. He was a follower of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, and contributed heavily to the establishment of the Ming Empire. He was famous for his bravery and formidable prowess in battle, which earned him the nickname of "Chang Hundred-Thousand" (常十万), because he alone was said to be as effective as a force of 100,000 troops.
During the Yuan dynasty in the 13th century, there was a significant increase in the population of Muslims in China. Under the Mongol Empire, east–west communication and cross-cultural transmission were largely promoted. As a result, foreigners in China were given an elevated status in the hierarchy of the new regime. The impact on China by its Muslims at this time, including the advancement of Chinese science and the designing of Dadu, is vast and largely unknown. It is estimated that the population of the Hui minority grew from 50,000 in the 9th century to 4,000,000 in the 14th century, becoming the largest non-Han ethnic group.
Niujie is a subdistrict in Xicheng District in southwest Beijing, China. The name "Niujie" can refer to the street Niujie or to the neighborhood Niujie. The subdistrict was previously in Xuanwu District before the district was merged into Xicheng District in 2010. As of 2020, its total population is 51,410.
Tongxin County is a county under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Wuzhong in the central part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, bordering Gansu province to the east. It has a total area of 7,021 square kilometers with a population of approximately 360,000 people.
Gongbei, is a term used by the Hui and Uyghur Muslim populations of China in the Northwestern region to indicate an Islamic shrine complex centered on the grave (qabr) of a Ṣūfī Muslim murs̲h̲id ("master") or walī ("saint"), typically the founder of a menhuan. The grave itself usually is topped with a dome. Similar Islamic facilities with the same purpose, known as dargāh or türbe, can be found in several other regions of the Muslim world.
The Shadian incident was an uprising of Muslim Hui people during the Chinese Cultural Revolution which ended in a military-led killing. The killings took place in seven villages of Yunnan Province, especially at the Shadian Town of Gejiu City, in July and August 1975; most sources estimate the number of the deaths around 1,600, including 300 children, in addition to the destruction of 4,400 homes.
Beijing has many neighborhoods, some of which are new and others with a long history.
Chinese Islamic architecture, Sino-Islamic architecture, or Islamic architecture of China are terms used to indicate the architectural tradition and cultural heritage of the Muslim populations in China, both of mainland and outer China, which has existed since the 8th century CE to the present. With the acculturation of the Islamic religion within the predominant Han-Chinese culture, a unique architectural style emerged among Chinese Muslims. It became standard for them to incorporate traditional Chinese and Islamic architectural elements together for mosques, prayer halls, mausoleums, and other buildings.
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