Huwal of the West Welsh

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Huwal was a Brittonic monarch of the early to mid-10th century whose name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the ruler of the "West Welsh". His identity is a matter of debate: "West Welsh" in medieval English sources usually refers to the Cornish or Dumnonians, suggesting Huwal may have been an otherwise unknown king of that region, but many scholars identify him instead with Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, in western Wales.

Source and interpretations

Huwal is recorded just once in the entry for 926 in manuscript D of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as "Huwal king of the West Welsh" ("Huwal West Wala cyning"). The only other reference to him is a duplicate of this entry in John of Worcester's early 12th-century work Chronicon ex chronicis. In the Chronicle, Huwal is one of several kings who signed a treaty at Eamont Bridge accepting King Æthelstan of England as their overlord.

"West Welsh" is usually an English term for the southwestern Britons, the Cornish or Dumnonians, and some historians believe this Huwal to be an otherwise unrecorded Cornish leader. [1] According to Philip Payton of the Institute of Cornish Studies, Huwal is "generally recognised as the last in a line of independent (or semi-independent) Cornish (Dumnonian) kings". [2] As such the final submission of Cornwall to Wessex may be attributed to him.

However, most historians identify the Huwal of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle with Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, whose kingdom was located in south-west Wales. Hywel was one of a number of rulers from western and northern Britain who witnessed Æthelstan's charters in the 920s and 930s. [3] [4] [5] While noting an otherwise unknown Cornish Huwal is possible, historian John Edward Lloyd believed that Hywel Dda is intended and that "West Wales is used in this passage in an unusual sense". [1] According to T. M. Charles-Edwards, the last king of Cornwall was Dungarth, who died in 875. He argued that while West Wales meant Cornwall to the West Saxons, Manuscript D of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was written from a Mercian point of view, and to Mercians West Wales probably meant Dyfed (the centre of power of Deheubarth) in south-west Wales as opposed to Gwent in the south-east. [6]

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Clemen ap Bledric was a 7th-century King of Dumnonia.

Hyfaidd ap Bleddri was a king of Dyfed.

Owain ap Hywel was a king of Glywysing and Gwent in southeastern Wales.

The Battle of the Conwy took place in 881 between King Anarawd and his brothers of the northern Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd and a Mercian army almost certainly led by Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians. The Welsh were victorious, and the battle ended the traditional hegemony of Mercia over north Wales and contributed to Æthelred's decision to accept the lordship of King Alfred the Great of Wessex. This united the Anglo-Saxons who were not living under Viking rule under Alfred, and was a step towards the creation of the Kingdom of England. Anarawd allied himself with the Vikings shortly after the battle, but he then abandoned this alliance to follow Æthelred in accepting Alfred's lordship.

Battle of Hingston Down

The Battle of Hingston Down took place in 838 at Hingston Down in Cornwall between a combined force of Cornish and Vikings on the one side, and West Saxons led by Egbert, King of Wessex on the other. It resulted in a West Saxon victory.

The English king Æthelstan invaded Scotland by land and sea with a large force in AD 934. No record of any battles during the invasion have been recorded and Æthelstan returned to England later in the year.

References

  1. 1 2 Lloyd, John Edward (1912). A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 335 and note.
  2. ↑ Payton, Philip (2004). Cornwall: A History (2nd ed.). Fowey: Cornwall Editions Ltd. p. 57. ISBN   1-904880-00-2.
  3. ↑ Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350-1064. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 510–511. ISBN   978-0-19-821731-2.
  4. ↑ Kirby, D. P. (1991). "Hywel (Dda) ap Cadell king of Deheubarth d. 950". In Ann Williams; Alfred P. Smyth; D. P. Kirby (eds.). A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain. Seaby. ISBN   1 85264 047 2.
  5. ↑ Foot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: the first king of England. Yale University Press. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-300-12535-1.
  6. ↑ Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wales and the Britons 350-1064. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 431, 494, 512–513. ISBN   978-0-19-821731-2.
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