The Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia is a government agency responsible for providing hydrographic and marine geospatial data for the Republic of Croatia. The institute is located in Split, and covers scientific research and development, services related to the safety of navigation, the hydrographic-geodetic survey of the Adriatic sea, marine geodesy, design and publication of nautical charts and books, oceanographic research, and submarine geology research. The Croatian Hydrographic Institute is responsible for the development of navigational safety service in the Adriatic, within the worldwide navigational safety system, and in cooperation with the Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, port authorities, the Croatian Navy, lighthouse authorities, and hydrographic offices of all maritime countries, following internationally agreed standards.[1]
The institute is crucial to Croatia's presence on the Adriatic, providing a basis for the development of a strong, sustainable maritime economy as part of the national economy. Part of the institute's mission states that "we pave the way for safe traffic of people and goods in the Croatian part of the Adriatic, for management of the sea and seabed resources, for safeguard and protection of the environment"[2]
History
Sea-trading around the Adriatic and the wider Mediterranean basin has been a feature of coastal life since ancient times. Over time, navigational knowledge has been built up of favourable routes, channels, shelters, and harbours. Many early aids to navigation have been preserved,[2] such as nautical charts, portolans, and coastal descriptions with warnings to mariners, but they were not accurate until the advent of scientifically based hydrographic surveys.
The first of these in the Adriatic was by the French hydrographer Beautemps-Beaupré, as he conducted surveys of the East Adriatic ports, bays and channels, between 1806 and 1809. To mark the 200th anniversary of that survey, the Croatian Hydrological Institute published a special edition entitled "Eastern Adriatic in the Work of Beautemps-Beaupré".[2]
The survey and research of the Eastern Adriatic continued under the Hydrographic Office of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, which was founded in Trieste in 1860. They produced navigational charts at different scales (general, coastal, and harbour charts), nautical publications (pilot books, lists of lights, descriptions of coasts), and scientific papers dealing with astronomy, meteorology, oceanography, gravimetry, and geomagnetism.
Following the break-up of Austria-Hungary, the activities restarted at the Hydrographic Institute of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia which set up several centres along the coast:: Tivat (1922), Dubrovnik (1923), Split (1929), during the Second World War in Hvar (1943), Vis (1944) and Monopoli (1944), then finally back to Split (1944) at the end of the war. At that time, the Hydrological service was restructured to include nautical, hydrographic, geodetic, oceanographic, aero-photogrammetric, cartographic, meteorological, and reproduction departments.[2] Through cooperation with hydrographic institutes of other maritime countries and its membership of the International Hydrographic Organization since 1922, the institute has achieved valuable results and worldwide reputation.
During the Croatian War of Independence, all the resources of the Institute were preserved, including archived data, equipment and instruments. Today's Hydrographic Institute of Croatia is a modern scientific institution keeping up to date with current technological trends, following the recommendations of the IHO.[1]
After the recognition of Croatia as an independent state, the Croatian Parliament established the National Hydrographic Institute on 10 April 1992. The Croatian Hydrographic Activity Act (Official Gazette No. 68/98, 110/98, 163/03 and 71/14) restructured the Institute as a public institution under the name of Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia (HHI), effective as from 5 January 2000.[3]
Hydrographic survey
The Hydrographic Institute carries out hydrographic surveys of maritime areas within the borders of Croatia, including bathymetric survey, geodetic survey and recording of features in the coastal area, sea and seabed, marine geology and geophysics, oceanography, and protection of the marine environment as relates to hydrography and navigational safety at sea.[4] The institute has two survey vessels designed and equipped for hydrographic survey, oceanographic measurements, marine geology research, magnetometric detection of the coastal and insular sea areas in the Adriatic Sea.[5] The smaller "SV Hydra" is used in survey operations in the coastal and inshore areas of the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. The larger SV "Palagruža" is capable of operating under more severe conditions for longer periods, and is therefore used in the open sea, including the wider Mediterranean Sea.
Safety of navigation and cartography
The institute is responsible for producing hydrographical information to ensure the navigational safety of maritime vessels.[6] This includes the radio navigational warning service,[7] the collection and analysis of hydrographic and navigational information required for the official navigational charts and publications, as well as posting regular updates in Notices to Mariners.[8]
The institute is the National Coordinator for the reception, analysis, processing and distribution of Maritime Safety Information (MSI). In addition, it is responsible for the describing and plotting of a surveyed limit of maritime sovereignty of the Republic of Croatia, taking into account other regulations governing national border.[3]
Nautical charts
One of the primary activities of the institute is the production and maintenance of nautical charts in both paper[9] and digital (ENC)[10] formats. Each nautical chart represents a specific navigation area with the set purpose of ensuring the safe navigation of ships.
Charts published by the Croatian Hydrological Institute include:[9]
Overview charts – Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, and other parts of the Mediterranean Sea
General charts – Adriatic Sea and a part of the Ionian Sea
Coastal charts – Eastern Adriatic Sea
Approach charts – parts of Eastern Adriatic Sea
Harbour charts – major Eastern Adriatic ports, harbours, anchorages, and channels
Berthing charts – major ports and harbours in the Croatian part of Eastern Adriatic
Thematic charts – special charts to be used with Nautical charts
Official electronic navigational charts (ENC) issued by the Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia are available through PRIMAR RENC (regional ENC coordinating centre) and its network of authorised distributors.[11]
Publications
Navigational publications are produced as occasional publications (Sailing Directions, Lists of Lights and Fog Signals, Nautical Tables, Radio Service) or as periodicals (Nautical Almanac, Tide Tables).[12] These publications are based on the data collected by the institute, and other entities engaged in the safety of navigation, and produced according to the guidelines of the International Hydrographic Organization.
Other publications include different scientific and technical editions covering maritime services, navigation, shipbuilding, maritime law, nautical tourism and economy, as well as Special editions series dealing with the history of navigation, hydrography and cartography in the Adriatic.
Service catalogue
The Institute service catalogue includes the following services:[13]
The Hydrological Institute is involved in multi-disciplinary projects, mainly with respect to the safety of navigation, as well as other sea-related topics such as tourism, protection of the environment, hydro-technical projects, and oil and gas exploitation. The Institute participates in the scientific projects of the Ministry of Science and Education, either independently or in cooperation with other scientific institutions, and has been involved in several cross-border projects.[16]
EU Project CoRE is a cross-border initiative of joint research and awareness of environmental conditions, nature and cultural heritage protection in the Dubrovačko-neretvanska County (Croatia) and Montenegrin coastal area.[17]
EU Project JASPPER is a cross-border cooperation with Montenegro aimed at reducing pollution and preserving the marine ecosystem in the sea areas of Dubrovnik and Montenegro.
EU Project NauTour is a cross-border joint promotion and increased level of safety in nautical tourism in Dubrovnik-Neretva County and the Montenegrin Coast.
Small, occasionally inhabited or uninhabited islands and islets (MPNNOo) is a project to protect the interests and use of the 688 islands and islets from inappropriate and unplanned sale and development.
Place of Refuge is a project to carry out research into resolving the regulatory and technical issues for granting place of refuge to ships in need of assistance in the event of maritime accidents or other emergencies, and threats to ships safety or the environment.
Adriatic sea level is a project to develop a database of tides and sea levels along the Croatian coast of the Adriatic, and supply information on tidal predictions for any location[18][19]
Living Archipelago in Croatia is a publication aimed at supporting the development of coastal and nautical tourism
Library
Although the library of the Croatian Hydrographic Institute has been in operation since 1947, it also contains many earlier publications and charts dating from the foundation of the office in Trieste in 1860, and the subsequent offices in Pula, Tivat and Dubrovnik. The library, which is available for browsing online, holds approximately 9000 books, textbooks and periodicals in a variety of subjects related to geodesy, geophysics, geology, chemistry, meteorology, cartography, navigation, electronics, information science, and printmaking.[20] The library also holds periodicals published by the Institute itself, dating back to the 1930s, such as Notices to Mariners, Nautical Almanac, Sailing Directions, List of Lights, Nautical Tables, Annual Report, and other publications and navigation handbooks. In addition, the library holds publications from the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB), and a range of periodicals and charts from other hydrographic institutes and related institutions around the world.
Exhibition
An exhibition space contains a history of hydrography in the area, and provides a view of the institute's activities over time, including some of the methods and instruments used. It preserves valuable archive materials and equipment, offering visitors a view of the development of hydropraphy in the Adriatic.
The exhibition space was formally opened on 14 November 2010 in the presence of the Croatian President Dr Ivo Josipović, and other special guests.[21]
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is an intergovernmental organisation representing hydrography. As of May 2022, the IHO comprised 98 Member States.
Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defense, scientific research, and environmental protection.
Hydrographic survey is the science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration and drilling and related activities. Strong emphasis is placed on soundings, shorelines, tides, currents, seabed and submerged obstructions that relate to the previously mentioned activities. The term hydrography is used synonymously to describe maritime cartography, which in the final stages of the hydrographic process uses the raw data collected through hydrographic survey into information usable by the end user.
A nautical chart or hydrographic chart is a graphic representation of a sea region or water body and adjacent coasts or banks. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water (bathymetry) and heights of land (topography), natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and human-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic field, and human-made structures such as harbours, buildings, and bridges. Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them. Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper or computerized electronic navigational charts. Recent technologies have made available paper charts which are printed "on demand" with cartographic data that has been downloaded to the commercial printing company as recently as the night before printing. With each daily download, critical data such as Local Notices to Mariners are added to the on-demand chart files so that these charts are up to date at the time of printing.
A hydrographic office is an organization which is devoted to acquiring and publishing hydrographic information.
A bathymetric chart is a type of isarithmic map that depicts the submerged topography and physiographic features of ocean and sea bottoms. Their primary purpose is to provide detailed depth contours of ocean topography as well as provide the size, shape and distribution of underwater features. Topographic maps display elevation above ground and are complementary to bathymetric charts. Charts use a series of lines and points at equal intervals to showcase depth or elevation. A closed shape with increasingly smaller shapes inside of it can indicate an ocean trench or a seamount, or underwater mountain, depending on whether the depths increase or decrease going inward.
The Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) is part of the federal department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and is Canada's authoritative hydrographic office. The CHS represents Canada in the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).
A survey vessel is any type of ship or boat that is used for underwater surveys, usually to collect data for mapping or planning underwater construction or mineral extraction. It is a type of research vessel, and may be designed for the purpose, modified for the purpose or temporarily put into the service as a vessel of opportunity, and may be crewed, remotely operated, or autonomous. The size and equipment vary to suit the task and availability.
The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) is the UK's agency for providing hydrographic and marine geospatial data to mariners and maritime organisations across the world. The UKHO is a trading fund of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and is located in Taunton, Somerset, with a workforce of approximately 900 staff.
Admiralty charts are nautical charts issued by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) and subject to Crown Copyright. Over 3,500 Standard Nautical Charts (SNCs) and 14,000 Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) are available with the Admiralty portfolio offering the widest official coverage of international shipping routes and ports, in varying detail.
An electronic navigational chart (ENC) is an official database created by a national hydrographic office for use with an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). ECDIS and ENCs are the primary means of electronic navigation on cargo ships.
The Danish Maritime Safety Administration (DaMSA) was a department of the Danish Ministry of Defence with administration located in Christianshavn, Copenhagen. DaMSA operated throughout Denmark as part of the Danish Search and Rescue (SAR) organization that runs 21 rescue stations located along the coasts of Denmark.
The Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service is a French public establishment of an administrative nature administered by the Ministry of Defence. It is the successor to the Dépôt des cartes et plans de la Marine, founded in 1720 which became the Naval Hydrographic Service in 1886 and the Naval and Oceanographic Service in 1971. Its present form was set up by decree number 2007-800 on 11 May 2007. Its board is presided over by the Chief of Staff of the French Navy and the body is directed by a director-general.
The Pakistan Navy Hydrographic Department, is an active-duty and non-combatant naval administrative staff command, and one of the major science and technology command of the Pakistan Navy. The command served as the operational scientific naval oceanographic program for the Government of Pakistan and jointly conducts research and development programs with civilian National Institute of Oceanography.
World Hydrography Day, 21 June, was adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization as an annual celebration to publicise the work of hydrographers and the importance of hydrography.
The Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany is a German federal authority based in Hamburg and Rostock. With some 800 employees, the agency's tasks include maritime safety, hydrographic survey, maritime pollution monitoring, and approvals of offshore installations.
Gerd F. Glang is a former NOAA Corps rear admiral who last served as the director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Coast Survey. In this position, he also concurrently served as the U.S. National Hydrographer and as one of the commissioners of the Mississippi River Commission. He was appointed by Acting Secretary of Commerce Rebecca Blank on August 13, 2012, after nomination by President Barack Obama, and confirmation by the U.S. Senate. He retired from the NOAA Corps on August 26, 2016 after over 32 years of combined uniformed service.
The Russian Hydrographic Service, full current official name Department of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, is Russia's hydrographic office, with responsibility to facilitate navigation, performing hydrographic surveys and publishing nautical charts.
Vertical Offshore Reference Frames, also known by the acronym VORF, refers to a set of high resolution surfaces, published and maintained by the UK Hydrographic Office, which together define a vertical datum for hydrographic surveying and charting in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
References
1 2 Capt. Željko Bradarić, MSc (27–28 May 2021). Report by Croatia(PDF). XXII MBSHC Conference VTC Event. Mediterranean and Black Sea Hydrographic Commission. p.47.
1 2 3 4 "About Institute". Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
1 2 "Hidrografska djelatnost"[Hydrographic works]. Ministarstvo mora, prometa i infrastuktura (in Croatian). Republika Hrvatska. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
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