IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation

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IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation
AbbreviationIEEE CEC
Discipline Evolutionary computation
Publication details
Publisher IEEE Computational Intelligence Society
History1994-present
FrequencyAnnual
Website [1]

The IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation is a research conference for practitioners in the field of evolutionary computation, interpreted broadly, organised by the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. It has been held annually since 1994, although its current name was only adopted in 1999. In alternate years it combines with the other main conferences organised by the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society in the IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (IEEE WCCI).

Contents

Origin and naming

IEEE CEC began in 1994 as the IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation [2] . In 1995 the conference name changed to the IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE ICEC) [3] and it was held with this title through 1998. In 1999, the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, in combination with the Evolutionary Programming Society which operated the annual Evolutionary Programming Conference (1992-1999) and the IET [4] [5] which operated the International Conference on Genetic Algorithms in Engineering Systems, Innovations and Applications [6] (1995-1999) through the IEE, combined to co-sponsor the newly named IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, and this title continues to the present [7] .

In even-numbered years it is part of the IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (IEEE WCCI), which combines all the main conferences of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society: IEEE CEC, IJCNN (the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks [8] ) and FUZZ-IEEE (the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems [9] ).

History

Since the first conference in 1994 the conference has been held annually at different international locations reflecting global involvement in the field of evolutionary computation.

IEEE CEC conferences over time

YearLocationWebsite [10] Proceedings [11] [12]
1994 Orlando, Florida NoYes [2]
1995 Perth, Australia NoYes [3]
1996 Nagoya, Japan NoYes [13]
1997 Indianapolis, Indiana NoYes [14]
1998 Anchorage, Alaska NoYes [15]
1999 Washington, D.C. Yes [16] Yes [17]
2000 San Diego, California NoYes [18]
2001 Seoul, Korea NoYes [19]
2002 Honolulu, Hawaii NoYes [20]
2003 Canberra, Australia NoYes [21]
2004 Portland, Oregon NoYes [22]
2005 Edinburgh, Scotland Yes [23] Yes [24]
2006 Vancouver, Canada Yes [25] Yes [26]
2007 Singapore Yes [27] Yes [28]
2008 Hong Kong, China Yes [29] Yes [30]
2009 Trondheim, Norway NoYes [31]
2010 Barcelona, Spain NoYes [32]
2011 New Orleans, Louisiana Yes [33] Yes [34]
2012 Brisbane, Australia NoYes [35]
2013 Cancun, Mexico NoYes [36]
2014 Beijing, China Yes [37] Yes [38]
2015 Sendai, Japan NoYes [39]
2016 Vancouver, Canada Yes [40] Yes [41]
2017 San Sebastian, Spain NoYes [42]
2018 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil NoYes [43]
2019 Wellington, New Zealand NoYes [44]
2020 Glasgow, Scotland [45] NoYes [46]
2021 Krakow, Poland [45] NoYes [47]
2022 Padua, Italy NoYes [48]
2023 Chicago, Illinois Yes [49] Yes [50]
2024 Yokohama, Japan Yes [51] Yes [52]
2025 Hangzhou, China NoYes [53]
2026 Maastricht, The Netherlands Yes [54] Forthcoming

Main conference

Themes

The main part of each IEEE CEC conference is a series of sessions covering most fields of evolutionary computation, its applications and related areas with similar inspiration from biology. Because there are a large number of sessions much of the conference is organised in parallel: the one page diagram of the program of IEEE CEC 2023 [55] makes this clear.

To emphasize this, the table below lists sessions from the program of IEEE CEC 2011 [56] together with comments. Although 2011 is now some time ago (this article was updated in 2025) that year was selected because the detailed program was available as a separate document that can be downloaded and read separately from the conference proceedings [56] .

Sessions at IEEE CEC 2011 [57]

Topic [58] Comments
The artificial bee colony algorithm Applications inspired by the behaviour of bees
Real world applicationsMultiple sessions about applications of evolutionary algorithms and related techniques not covered by other sessions
Evolutionary robotics The application of evolutionary algorithms to control of robots
Evolutionary strategies The evolution strategy is one of the original paradigms of evolutionary computation
Evolutionary computation applied to finance Fintech is an important field to which evolutionary computation can contribute
Hardware aspects of biologically-inspired systems Evolutionary computation usually focuses on software. What about the hardware needed to run it?
Computer vision Evolutionary computation applied to image analysis
Applications in bioinformatics and computational biology Much of computational biology is concerned with the software tools needed for bioinformatics, so these application domains overlap
Evolutionary computation applied to large-scale problems using multi-core architectures.In 2025 laptops have multi-core CPUs: in 2011 this referred to GPUs
Clustering and data mining Machine learning techniques applied to data science can also use evolutionary computation
Evolvable hardware and softwareUsing, for example, field programmable gate arrays
Fitness landscapes and learning evolutionary algorithms depend on an idea of fitness and this affects their application
Computational intelligence and gamesApplications both in game theory and in specific games
Nature-inspired constrained optimization Applications of evolutionary computation to this type of optimization
Approaches to Large-scale optimization problemsHow can evolutionary computation be useful?
The ant colony algorithm applied to complex problemsThis algorithm is inspired by the behaviour of ants in nature
Art and musicHow can evolutionary computation be applied in these creative disciplines [59] ?
Genetic programming One of the classic algorithms of evolutionary computation
Memetic algorithms Another direction of research in evolutionary algorithms
Cultural algorithms and artifical immune systems Applications inspired by complex systems in cultural interactions and in the biological immune system
Evolution of developmental systemsAlgorithms inspired by developmental biology
Metaheuristics for global continuous optimization Applications of evolutionary algorithms as heuristics to this branch of optimization
Representation and operatorsHow to represent a real-world problem in an evolutionary algorithm in order to get useful solutions
Learning classifier systems Combining an evolutionary algorithm with some other machine learning component
Multi-objective optimization Evolutionary computation applied to another area of optimization
Learning in autonomous agents Application of evolutionary computation in this field of artificial intelligence
Statistical techniques in evolutionary algorithms The use of statistical inference can affect applications of evolutionary algorithms
Particle swarm optimization More biologically-inspired algorithms often associated with evolutionary computation
Medical image analysis Applying evolutionary computation to this specific domain
Evolutionary programming Another of the early algorithms that formed evolutionary computation
Differential evolution Another type of evolutionary algorithm
Evolved neural networks Neural networks are a major distinct field of activity in computer science, but evolutionary computation can introduce change
Theory of evolutionary computation What are the mathematical bases of evolutionary algorithms?
Engineering applications of evolutionary computation A session focusing on another application domain
Complex networks Complex networks may be addressed through applications of evolutionary computation
Multi-agent systems [60] Applications of evolutionary computation to the understanding of multi-agent systems
Network optimization Real-world network design generates optimization problems that may be addressed through application of evolutionary computation
Coevolution in evolutionary computation Drawing inspiration from biological coevolution can lead to innovation in evolutionary computation
Artificial life Drawing inspiration from wider areas of biology, in addition to evolutionary biology

Plenary speakers

Researchers recognized in the field are invited to give plenary speeches at each IEEE CEC conference. At IEEE CEC 2023 in Chicago the plenary speakers were [61] Stephanie Forrest, Markus Olhofer [62] and Kalyanmoy Deb. Stephanie Forrest was the recipient of the Pioneer Award at that conference.

Awards

The Pioneer Award mentioned in plenary speakers above is awarded at IEEE CEC conferences to an individual who is recognized in having made a substantial contribution to the field of evolutionary computation.

In addition, awards are presented to the winners of the competitions, and to presenters of papers selected as the Best Papers.

Additional sessions

Tutorials

Because the main sessions of each IEEE CEC conference covers so many different fields, tutorials are held in addition to the main conference that allow participants to learn about areas that they may not have been familiar with before. Examples of tutorials at IEEE CEC 2023 [63] are given in the table below.

Tutorials at IEEE CEC 2023 [64]

Tutorial titleComments
Genetic programming and machine learning for scheduling Scheduling is an important application domain in many areas
Transfer learning in evolutionary spaces Transfer learning, a machine learning technique that originated separately from evolutionary computation can follow new directions in the latter field
Benchmarking and analyzing iterative optimization heuristics with [65] IOH profiler Benchmarking is as important in evolutionary computation as it is in other areas of computer science, since many similar algorithms can be developed
Evolutionary computation success in medical diagnosisA tutorial on a specific application domain.

Workshops

Although the main IEEE CEC conference does cover a very wide range of different fields, continual change in the area of evolutionary computation justifies the inclusion of some time for workshops. A workshop is a mini-conference focusing on a particular area of research and/or application, that may not be covered fully in the main conference. Following a call for workshops and acceptance, workshop organizers usually issue a separate call for participation distinct from the main call for papers of the conference. The IEEE CEC 2023 conference included three workshops [66] .

IEEE CEC 2023 workshops

Workshop title
Evolutionary Computation for Explainable Artificial Intelligence (ECXAI)
A Sandbox for Teaching and Learning in CI [67] for Pre-University and Undergraduate Students
Computational Intelligence for Adaptive Learning in Human-Machine Interaction

Poster sessions

As well as many presentations in the main part of the conference, plenary speakers, tutorials and workshops, some IEEE CEC conferences [56] have also included poster sessions, allowing easy discussion with the originators of the research presenting the poster.

Competitions

As well presenting papers or posters participants can develop solutions that address the challenges of competitions that have been accepted by the conference organizers and displayed on the conference website in advance. IEEE CEC 2023 included a number of competitions [68] . Several are shown in the table below. While not all the links to the competition websites are active, abstracts of competition entries are available in the proceedings [50] .

Some competions at IEEE CEC 2023

Competition titleComments
Evolutionary Multi-task Optimization What is the best way to address multi-task optimization using evolutionary computation?
Competition on Multiobjective Neural Architecture Search Neural networks have often been developed independently of research in evolutionary computation. How can their combination address this problem?
Evolutionary Computation in the Energy Domain: Operation and Planning ApplicationPlanning and operation of energy services may create complex systems that evolutionary computation can help solve

Journal to conference sessions

The IEEE publishes the IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation [69] a bimonthly journal for original peer-reviewed papers in the field of evolutionary computation. IEEE CEC conferences may include sessions for presentation about, and discussion regarding, articles already published in this journal. In the Program of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation given as a list [70] look for sessions labelled "J2C: Journal to Conference". This is a particularly relevant use of time since the conference and the Journal are published by the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society.

Relevance

How important are IEEE CEC conferences? Earlier proceedings available in IEEE Xplore appear as online copies of multi-volume printed proceedings [21] . The fact that they were multi-volume proceedings a number of years ago suggests that IEEE CEC conferences had a large number of attendees at that time.

More recent proceedings available within IEEE Xplore appear as online proceedings with the potential to print on demand if required [52] . The display of such online proceedings makes it more difficult to compare them with the earlier online proceedings that were comparable with printed proceedings, but the listed programs available on conference websites [70] , as well as the indication of parallel sessions [55] , suggest that IEEE CEC conferences are well-attended and continue to be one of the most important conferences within the field of evolutionary computation.

Alternative conferences

Other relevant conferences in the field of evolutionary computation include the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO), Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN) and EvoStar (also known as Evo*), which comprises four sub-conferences: EuroGP, EvoApplications, EvoCOP, and EvoMUSART.

References and notes

  1. ↑ "IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation Proceedings". IEEE XPlore. IEEE. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  2. 1 2 "Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/ICEC.1994 . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  3. 1 2 "Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Society. doi:10.1109/ICEC.1995 . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  4. ↑ "IET - Institution of Engineering and Technology". IET. Insttution of Engineering and Technology. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  5. ↑ The Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) was formed in 2006 as a result of the merger of the IEE and the IIE.
  6. ↑ Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms in Engineering Systems: Innovations and Applications. Stevenage London: The Institution of Engineering and Technology. 1997. ISBN   0852966938 . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  7. ↑ "CEC conference website archives". IEEE . Archived from the original on 2024-02-01. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  8. ↑ "International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN): All Proceedings". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  9. ↑ "IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE): All Proceedings". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Society. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  10. ↑ If "No" is declared for a conference website it is inaccessible at the time of updating the table (in 2025). An archived Call for Papers is not considered the same as an active website.
  11. ↑ If "No" is declared for IEEE CEC conference proceedings they are inaccessible at the time of updating the table (in 2025).
  12. ↑ Where IEEE CEC conference proceedings are published in multiple volumes according to the IEEE Xplore digital library, a link is made to one volume and the others can be accessed from there.
  13. ↑ "Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/ICEC.1996 . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  14. ↑ "Proceedings of 1997 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (ICEC '97)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/ICEC.1997 . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  15. ↑ "1998 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation Proceedings. IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (Cat. No.98TH8360)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/ICEC.1998 . Retrieved 9 October 2025.
  16. ↑ "1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation". CEC99 home page. Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  17. ↑ "Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation-CEC99 (Cat. No. 99TH8406)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  18. ↑ "Proceedings of the 2000 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. CEC00 (Cat. No.00TH8512)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  19. ↑ "Proceedings of the 2001 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.01TH8546)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  20. ↑ "Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. CEC'02 (Cat. No.02TH8600)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  21. 1 2 "The 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.03TH8674)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  22. ↑ "Proceedings of the 2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8753)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  23. ↑ "2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE CEC 2005. Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  24. ↑ "The 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  25. ↑ "2006 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence". IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence. Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  26. ↑ "2006 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC11288.2006 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  27. ↑ "2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Internet Archive Wayback Manchine. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  28. ↑ "2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC11475.2007 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  29. ↑ "IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence 2008". Welcome to WCCI2008 -Home. Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  30. ↑ "2008 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/cec13288.2008 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  31. ↑ "2009 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/cec14127.2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  32. ↑ "IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (18-23 July 2010)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC15889.2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  33. ↑ "2011 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation: The Big EC". 2011 CEC Congress. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  34. ↑ "2011 IEEE Congress of Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC15497.2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  35. ↑ "2012 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Compuational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC20754.2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  36. ↑ "2013 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC20747.2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  37. ↑ "2014 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence". IEEE WCCI 2014. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  38. ↑ "2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC32438.2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  39. ↑ "2015 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC32605.2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  40. ↑ "IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence 2016". IEEE WCCI 2016. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  41. ↑ "2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC38548.2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  42. ↑ "2017 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC38257.2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  43. ↑ "2018 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC40672.2018 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  44. ↑ "2019 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC44084.2019 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  45. 1 2 The IEEE CEC conference was virtual due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
  46. ↑ "2020 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC48606.2020 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  47. ↑ "2021 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC45853.2021 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  48. ↑ "2022 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC55065.2022 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  49. ↑ "IEEE 2023 Congress on Evolutionary Computation". Congress on Evolutionary Computation. IEEE. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  50. 1 2 "2023 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC53210.2023 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  51. ↑ "IEEE WCCI 2024". IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  52. 1 2 "2024 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC60901.2024 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  53. ↑ "2025 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)". IEEE Xplore. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. doi:10.1109/CEC65147.2025 . Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  54. ↑ "2026 IEEE World Congress on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  55. 1 2 "Program (Timetable) - Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023". IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 7 October 2025.
  56. 1 2 3 "Detailed Program: IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2011". IEEE Xplore. IEEE. doi:10.1109/CEC.2011.5949583 . Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  57. ↑ Sessions at IEEE CEC 2011 are ordered approximately in the order they appear in the Detailed Program. Some are multiple sessions and are thus just shown the first time they appear. Some are described as Special Sessions in the Detailed Program but are not distinguished here for simplicity.
  58. ↑ Titles of some sessions have been simplified from those in the detailed program in order to fit in the table. Read the detailed program for full details.
  59. ↑ See also EvoStar which incorporates a conference specifically on these topics.
  60. ↑ The session entitled Evolutionary games and multi-agent systems is described as Multi-agent systems in the table because the paper abstracts suggest some ambiguity with the concept of evolutionary games in game theory.
  61. ↑ "Plenary Speakers - Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023". IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 6 October 2025.
  62. ↑ "People - Honda Research Institute Europe". Honda Research Institute Europe. Honda Motor Corporation. Retrieved 7 October 2025.
  63. ↑ "Tutorials - Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023". IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 7 October 2025.
  64. ↑ Names of presenters of tutorials are not given. They can be identified from the web page listing tutorials cited above.
  65. ↑ The original title of this tutorial is given: an article [a/an/the] is missing.
  66. ↑ "Workshops - Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023". IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 7 October 2025.
  67. ↑ CI is an abbreviation for computational intelligence.
  68. ↑ "Competitions - Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023". IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 7 October 2025.
  69. ↑ "IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation". IEEE TEVC. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 8 October 2025.
  70. 1 2 "Program (List) - Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2023". IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation 2023. IEEE Computational Intelligence Society. Retrieved 8 October 2025.
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