Parallel Problem Solving from Nature

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Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
(PPSN)
StudentHelpersReady4PPSN 20160917 095300.jpg
Student helpers ready for PPSN 2016 in Edinburgh
StatusActive
GenreConference
FrequencyBiennially
Years active35
Inaugurated1990 (1990)
FoundersBernard Manderick, Reinhard Männer, Heinz Mühlenbein and Hans-Paul Schwefel
Most recent2024
Next event2026
AreaEurope

Parallel Problem Solving from Nature(PPSN) is a peer-reviewed research conference focusing on the topic of natural computing. As such it includes a wide scope of computer science. It originated in 1990 and has been held biennially across European locations ever since. Papers selected for PPSN conferences are presented as posters and published in proceedings in the Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. PPSN conferences also include presentations by keynote speakers representing diverse viewpoints in the field, tutorials given by experts, and workshops for discussion of topics that may not be fully represented in the main conference. These activities that should advance the field of natural computing probably explain why PPSN gained an A-ranking in the 2023 CORE computer science conference ranking system, reflecting its importance as a venue in which computer science researchers can participate.

Contents

Origin

The idea behind PPSN [1] emerged around 1989-1990 when Bernard Manderick, [2] Reinhard Männer, [3] Heinz Mühlenbein, [4] and Hans-Paul Schwefel, realised they shared a common field of study that was not covered by the conferences on Operations Research, Physics, or Computer Science they attended regularly. [5]

The field of genetic algorithms had already been established in the form of the ICGA conference in 1985, but the founders of PPSN wanted a wider focus, with algorithms that included problem solving, parallel computing and the use of natural metaphors (such as Darwinian evolution or Boltzmann dynamics).

The success of the first PPSN event at Dortmund encouraged its organisers to start a biennial conference series, as a European counterpart to the American-based ICGA (which in 1999 merged with the Genetic Programming conference to give rise to GECCO).

Analogies to natural processes included the thermodynamic process of annealing, immune systems and neural networks, as well as other paradigms, with Darwinian evolution being by far the most frequently used metaphor.

In this way, evolutionary algorithms and evolutionary computation became the common denominator for the PPSN approach to problem solving by mimicking biological principles like populations, birth, death, mutation, recombination, and natural selection.

History

So far, eighteen PPSN conferences have been held. The table below describes their dates, locations and cites their websites and proceedings, where accessible. The importance of Dortmund, as the location of the Technical University of Dortmund (de:Technische Universität Dortmund), where the conference originated, as the location of many successor conferences and as the location of on-going relevant research, should not be understated.

Parallel Problem Solvings from Nature (PPSN) Conferences

YearDatesLocationWebsite [6] Proceedings [7]
19901-3 OctoberDortmundNoLNCS 496 [8]
199228-30 SeptemberBrusselsNoPPSN II [9]
19949-14 OctoberJerusalemNoLNCS 866 [10]
199622-26 SeptemberBerlinNoLNCS 1141 [11]
199827-30 SeptemberAmsterdamNoLNCS 1498 [12]
200016-20 SeptemberParisNoLNCS 1917 [13]
20027-11 SeptemberGranadaNoLNCS 2439 [14]
200418-22 September Birmingham NoLNCS 3242 [15]
20069-13 SeptemberReykyavikNoLNCS 4193 [16]
200813-17 SeptemberDortmundYes [17] LNCS 5199 [18]
201011-15 SeptemberKrakowYes [19] LNCS 6238, [20] LNCS 6239 [21]
20121-5 SeptemberTaorminaNoLNCS 7491, [22] LNCS 7492 [23]
201413-17 SeptemberLjubljanaNoLNCS 8672 [24]
201617-21 SeptemberEdinburghYes [25] LNCS 9921 [26]
20188-12 SeptemberCoimbraNoLNCS 11101, [27] LNCS 11102 [28]
20205-9 SeptemberLeidenNoLNCS 12269, [29] LNCS 12270 [30]
202210-14 SeptemberDortmundNoLNCS 13398, [31] LNCS 13399 [32]
202414-18 SeptemberHagenbergYes [33] LNCS 15148, [34] LNCS 15149, [35] LNCS 15150, [36] LNCS 15151 [37]
202629 August-2 SeptemberTrentoYes [38] Pending

Organisation

Each PPSN conference as any peer-reviewed research conference requires a substantial amount of organisation. The organisers are people from the research community covered by the conference. Due to the long history of the conference it is not possible to present all organisers of all conferences. For some recent conferences the organisers can be identified from the conference website. For other recent conferences where the website is no longer available the conference organisers are listed in the Table of Contents Front Matter of the Conference Proceedings. In the table below the main organisers of the most recent PPSN conferences are given. The sources of the information about organisation are cited adjacent to each year.

Hans-Paul Schwefel, recognised for his founding role in PPSN conferences, has been Honorary Chair of the PPSN conferences from 2020 to 2024 listed below. It may be assumed that he will continue in that position during the forthcoming PPSN 2026, but that has not yet been confirmed. [39] When PPSN was held in Leiden in 2020 Grzegorz Rozenberg was also an Honorary Chair.

In addition to the organisers listed in the table below, there are others, whom may not always be recognised in each conference proceedings, or through the same title. Local Chairs [40] or Local Support Chairs [41] are very important to make sure that the conference takes place smoothly in the agreed venue. Some conferences have listed Technical Support Chairs [42] or Online Conference Chairs. [43] This will be important to ensure that the equipment in the venue works as expected. This may also have had particular importance in 2020 due the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, requiring the conference to take place entirely online.

Other organisers were not identified consistently across the three conferences that have completed below, nor in the one forthcoming. This does not imply that they were less important than those included in the table. These included a Keynote Chair, [44] a Competition Chair, [45] an Industrial Liaison Chair [46] and a Social Media Chair. [47]

Not included in the table because of the very large number of people involved are the Programme Committee. Reporting to the Programme Committee Chairs, these are the people who carry out the peer-review process to ensure that PPSN conferences maintain a high standard of academic rigour. A full list of Programme Committee members can be found in the Table of Contents Front Matter of the PPSN conference proceedings following the list of conference organisers given in the Organization section.

Organisation of PPSN conferences

Year2020 [48] 2022 [49] 2024 [50] 2026 [41]
LocationLeidenDortmundHagenbergTrento
General ChairsThomas Bäck and Mike PreussGünter RudolphMichael Affenzeller and Stephan Winkler [51] Giovanni Iacca [52]
Programme Committee Chairs Carola Doerr, Michael Emmerich and Heike TrautmannHernán Aguirre, Pascal Kerschke, Gabriela Ochoa and Tea Tušar [53] Heike Trautmann, Tea Tušar, Penousal Machado and Thomas Bäck [54] Doina Bucur, Antonio Della Cioppa, Ting Hu and Eric Medvet [54]
Proceedings ChairsAndré Deutz and Hao WangAnna V KononovaAnna V KononovaGiorgia Nadizar and Anil Yaman
Workshops ChairAnna Esparcia-AlcázarChristian Grimm [55] Roman KalkreuthSarah L. Thomson
Tutorials ChairOfer ShirHeike Trautmann [56] Fabrício Olivetti de FrançaYuri Lavinas
Publicity ChairsBas van Stein and Wenjian LuoNicolas Fischöder and Peter SvobodaJan Zenisek, Christian Haider and Louise BuurJessica Mégane and Jéssica Parente

Format

Each Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN) conference includes a variety of activities to update and inform participants about the latest trends in natural computing. Since each conference is biennial a lot may have changed since the last one. Keynote speakers are invited to each conference to give expert lectures on particular topics in the field. Peer-reviewed papers are presented as posters to give a very broad view of the subjects covered by the conference. Time is available for workshops to allow discussion of topics that may not be included in the main conference. In order to enable participants to learn about some topics included in the very broad range of topics that PPSN covers, time is also allowed for tutorials.

Keynote speakers

The diversity of subjects that the conference covers means that it has attracted a wide range of keynote speakers in natural computing and related areas. Keynote speakers are listed on PPSN conference websites, or if the website is not available, in the Table of Contents Front Matter of the Conference Proceedings. (An inline reference is made to that in the 2022 Conference Proceedings in the table below as an example.).


YearKeynote speakers
1998 Grzegorz Rozenberg, Nicholas Gessler, and Lawrence Davis
2000 Aaron Sloman, Luc Steels and Henrik Hautop Lund
2002Alexander Nareyek, Roderic Guigó and William Hart
2004Mandyam V. Srinivasan, Benjamin W. Wah and C. Lee Giles
2006Herschel Rabitz, Nadia Busi, and Edward Tsang
2008Levent Tunçel, Thomas Breitling and Arndt von Haeseler
2010Jon Garibaldi, Zbigniew Michalewicz and Darrell Whitley
2012Angelo Cangelosi, Natalio Krasnogor, Panos M. Pardalos, and Leslie G. Valiant
2014Jadran Lenarčič, Thomas Bäck and A. E. (Gusz) Eiben
2016 Susan Stepney, Josh Bongard and Andrew Philippides
2018Ahmed Elgammal, Francis Heylighen and Kurt Mehlhorn
2020Eric Postma, Carme Torras and Christian Stöcker
2022 [57] Doina Bucar, Claudio Semini and Travis Waller
2024Oliver Schütze, Richard Küng and Bernardino Romera-Paredes

Papers

Similar to many other research conferences, PPSN invites the submission of papers. [58] These are peer-reviewed and the ones selected for publication will be published in the conference proceedings published in the Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science series, cited for past conferences in the table above, given in the history section. A possibly unique feature of PPSN conferences is that accepted papers are not oral presentations in the conference, they are presented in a poster session. This allows more papers to be included, as well as allowing attendees to gain more information beyond the poster when the conference proceedings are published.

Workshops

Each PPSN conference includes workshops, these are intended as "forums for presenting and discussing new emerging approaches or for critical reflections within a subfield. They provide an excellent opportunity to meet people with similar interests, to be exposed to cutting-edge research and to exchange ideas in an informal setting" (quoting the Call for Workshops for the forthcoming PPSN 2026 conference). [59] They typically take place over one day or half a day, although some may be smaller. An call for workshop proposals is published by the conference organisers well in advance so that accepted workshop organisers can manage their workshop independently of the main conference programme, other than with the knowledge of the time slot within which their workshop will fit. PPSN 2024 included four workshops described in the table below. [60]

Workshops at PPSN 2024

NumberOrganisersTitle [61]
1Tinkle Chugh, George De Ath, Paul Kent, Alma Rahat and Kaifeng YangBOSS: Bayesian and Surrogate-assisted Search and Optimisation
2 Carola Doerr, Vanessa Volz, Boris Naujoks, Olaf Mersmann, Mike Preuss and Pascal KerschkeGood Benchmarking Practices for Evolutionary Computation BENCHMARKING
3Benjamin Doerr, Concha Bielza, John McCall and Weijie Zheng30 Years of EDAs [62]
4Heike Trautmann, Lennart Schapermeier and Oliver SchützeMultimodal Multiobjective Optimization

Tutorials

PPSN conferences include tutorial sessions where experts in particular areas of the fields covered by the conference present in order to enable participants to learn about topics they may have been unfamiliar with before the conference. Unlike workshops, which may be regarded as mini-conferences and involve multiple presenters, tutorials at PPSN conferences are organised as detailed lectures, usually with only one or a few presenters. Thus there is time to include more tutorials than workshops in each PPSN conference. The table below provides information about the tutorials presented at the PPSN 2024 conference, the times and dates of which are shown in the PPSN 2024 Program. [60] Titles are shown as given in the 2024 program.

Tutorials at PPSN 2024

NumberPresenter(s) [63] Title
1Ke LiDecomposition Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization: What We Know from the Literature and What We are not Clear from a Data Science Perspective
2Benjamin DoerrA Gentle Introduction to Theory (for Non-Theoreticians)
3Nikolaus Hansen CMA-ES [64]
4Ofer M ShirMathematical Programming as a Complement to Bio-inspired Optimization
5Martin KrejcaTheory of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms
6Michal Pluhacek, Adam Vikorin and Roman Senkerik Large Language Models as Tools for Metaheuristic Design: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities
7Bogodan Fipič and Aljosa VodopijaConstraint Handling in Multiobjective Optimization
8Kate Smith-Miles and Mario Andrés Muñoz AcostaInstance Space Analysis for Rigorous and Insightful Algorithm Testing
9Chao Qian Pareto Optimization [65] for Subset Selection: Theories and Practical Algorithms
10Jeroen Rook, Manuel López-Ibáñez and Heike TrautmannAdvanced Use of Automatic Algorithm Configuration: Single- and Multi-Objective Approaches
11Michael Hellwig, Steffan Fink and Hans-Georg BeyerIntroduction to Evolution Strategies for Constrained Optimization Problems
12Per Kristian LehreRuntime Analysis of Population-based Evolutionary Algorithms
13Anna V Kononova, Niki van Stein and Diederick VermettenStructural bias in optimsation algorithms
14Nelishia Pillay Transfer Learning in Evolutionary Spaces
15Per Kristian Lehre and Mario A Hevia FajardoAdversarial Optimisation through Competitive Coevolutionary Algorithms
16A E (Gusz) EibenRobot Evolution

Importance

Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN) conferences have become an established feature of European natural computing and evolutionary computation research, over the 35 years that they have been held. They have been held over a longer period than the other biennial European conference in related fields, Artificial Evolution, which has recently also been held in even-numbered years, but not on conflicting dates. In earlier years the Artificial Evolution conference was held in odd-numbered years, thus preventing any risk of conflict. Because Artificial Evolution conferences have usually been held in locations in France, PPSN has offered a wider range of locations.

Although they are not annual, they have complemented the annual European EvoStar conferences, the latter being focused through sub-conferences on four areas arguably narrower in total than the scope of PPSN (EuroGP: genetic programming, EvoApplications: applications of evolutionary computation, EvoCOP: evolutionary computation in combinatorial optimisation and EvoMUSArt: computational intelligence in music, sound, art and design).

PPSN conferences do not include the very large number of simultaneous tracks that much larger global conferences in evolutionary computation and related fields, such as GECCO or IEEE CEC [66] can do. So PPSN conferences cannot attract a similar number of attendees to each conference as these conferences. However, being smaller and located in venues typically easier to reach across Europe, they enable interaction between participants to be easier. Through peer-review they maintain a high standard of publication from each conference. Via keynote speakers, tutorials and workshops they help advance the fields included within the scope of the conference.

It is thus not surprising that Parallel Problem Solving from Nature gained an A-ranking [67] in the 2023 CORE (Computing Education and Research) conference rankings. [68] GECCO [69] and FOGA (Foundations of Genetic Algorithms) [70] were two other conferences in the field that also gained A-rankings, but there were many others that gained lower ranks, if at all, supporting the importance of PPSN.

A new round of ICORE ranking is being prepared in 2025, but it is not due to be released until 2026. [71]

Status

Researchers in natural computing and related fields are familiar with PPSN as a conference in which to present their work and in which to participate, possibly taking on roles as organisers. Details of the next conference in 2026 are available. [38] This article will need to be updated from September 2026 onwards, after the conclusion of that conference.

References and notes

  1. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature will frequently be referred to by its abbreviation in this article, due to the length of its full name. PPSN does not redirect here in Wikipedia. For other uses see PPSN.
  2. ↑ "Bernard Manderick". Bernard Manderick: Artificial Intelligence Lab Brussels. VUB Brussels. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  3. ↑ "Reinhard Männer". dblp: Reinhard Männer. Schloss Dagstuhl. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  4. ↑ "Heinz Mühlenbein". dplb: Heinz Mühlenbein. Schloss Dagstuhl. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  5. ↑ Günter Rudolph's PPSN page at TU Dortmund, https://ls11-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de/rudolph/ppsn [accessed Jul 24 2020]
  6. ↑ Where conference websites are shown as "No" they are not accessible at the time of updating this article in 2025. Where conference websites are shown as "Yes" a reference is given to the site.
  7. ↑ Proceedings are listed by their Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) series numbers, except where they were not published in that series. Where the conference proceedings covered more than one volume, they are shown.
  8. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, 1st Workshop, PPSN I, Dortmund, Germany, October 1–3, 1990, Proceedings. Hans-Paul Schwefel, Reinhard Männer (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 496, Springer 1991, ISBN   3-540-54148-9
  9. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature 2, PPSN-II, Reinhard Männer, Bernard Manderick (Eds.), Brussels, Belgium, September 28–30, 1992. Elsevier 1992, ISBN   978-0444897305
  10. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN III, International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. The Third Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, Yuval Davidor, Hans-Paul Schwefel, Reinhard Männer (Eds.), Jerusalem, Israel, October 9–14, 1994, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 866, Springer 1994, ISBN   3-540-58484-6
  11. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN IV, International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. The 4th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, Hans-Michael Voigt, Werner Ebeling, Ingo Rechenberg, Hans-Paul Schwefel (Eds.), Berlin, Germany, September 22–26, 1996, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1141, Springer 1996, ISBN   3-540-61723-X
  12. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN V, 5th International Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, September 27–30, 1998, Proceedings. A. E. Eiben, Thomas Bäck, Marc Schoenauer, Hans-Paul Schwefel (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1498, Springer 1998, ISBN   3-540-65078-4
  13. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN VI, 6th International Conference, Paris, France, September 18–20, 2000, Proceedings. Marc Schoenauer, Kalyanmoy Deb, Günter Rudolph, Xin Yao, Evelyne Lutton, Juan Julián Merelo Guervós, Hans-Paul Schwefel: (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1917, Springer 2000, ISBN   3-540-41056-2
  14. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN VII, 7th International Conference, Granada, Spain, September 7–11, 2002, Proceedings. Juan Julián Merelo Guervós, Panagiotis Adamidis, Hans-Georg Beyer, José Luis Fernández-Villacañas Martín, Hans-Paul Schwefel: (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2439, Springer 2002, ISBN   3-540-44139-5
  15. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN VIII, 8th International Conference, Birmingham, UK, September 18–22, 2004, Proceedings. Xin Yao, Edmund K. Burke, José Antonio Lozano, Jim Smith, Juan Julián Merelo Guervós, John A. Bullinaria, Jonathan E. Rowe, Peter Tiño, Ata Kabán, Hans-Paul Schwefel (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3242, Springer 2004, ISBN   3-540-23092-0
  16. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN IX, 9th International Conference, Reykjavik, Iceland, September 9–13, 2006, Proceedings. Thomas Philip Runarsson, Hans-Georg Beyer, Edmund K. Burke, Juan Julián Merelo Guervós, L. Darrell Whitley, Xin Yao (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4193, Springer 2006, ISBN   3-540-38990-3
  17. ↑ "10th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving From Nature". PPSN 2008 - 10th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving From Nature. Technische Universität Dortmund. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  18. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN X, 10th International Conference Dortmund, Germany, September 13–17, 2008, Proceedings. Günter Rudolph, Thomas Jansen, Simon M. Lucas, Carlo Poloni, Nicola Beume (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5199, Springer 2008, ISBN   978-3-540-87699-1
  19. ↑ "PPSN 2010 11th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving From Nature". PPSN 2010 - 11th Internation Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature. AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow. Retrieved 24 October 2025.
  20. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN XI, 11th International Conference, Kraków, Poland, September 11–15, 2010, Proceedings, Part I. Robert Schaefer, Carlos Cotta, Joanna Kolodziej, Günter Rudolph (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6238, Springer 2010, ISBN   978-3-642-15843-8
  21. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN XI, 11th International Conference, Kraków, Poland, September 11–15, 2010, Proceedings, Part II. Robert Schaefer, Carlos Cotta, Joanna Kolodziej, Günter Rudolph (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6239, Springer 2010, ISBN   978-3-642-15870-4
  22. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN XII, 12th International Conference, Taormina, Italy, September 1–5, 2012, Proceedings, Part I. Carlos A. Coello Coello, Vincenzo Cutello, Kalyanmoy Deb, Stephanie Forrest, Giuseppe Nicosia, Mario Pavone (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7491, 2012, ISBN   978-3-642-32936-4 doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32937-1
  23. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN XII, 12th International Conference, Taormina, Italy, September 1–5, 2012, Proceedings, Part II. Carlos A. Coello Coello, Vincenzo Cutello, Kalyanmoy Deb, Stephanie Forrest, Giuseppe Nicosia, Mario Pavone (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7492, 2012 ISBN   978-3-642-32963-0 doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32937-1
  24. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XIII 13th International Conference, Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 13–17, 2014. Proceedings. Thomas Bartz-Beielstein, Jürgen Branke, Bogdan Filipič, Jim Smith (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series 8672, 2014, ISBN   978-3-319-10761-5 doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10762-2
  25. ↑ "PPSN 2016". Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature. University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  26. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XIV 14th International Conference, Edinburgh, UK, September 17–21, 2016, Proceedings. Julia Handl, Emma Hart, Peter R. Lewis, Manuel López-Ibáñez, Gabriela Ochoa, Ben Paechter (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9921, 2016, ISBN   978-3-319-45822-9 doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45823-6
  27. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XV. 15th International Conference, Coimbra, Portugal, September 8–12, 2018, Proceedings, Part I. Anne Auger, Carlos M. Fonseca, Nuno Lourenço, Penousal Machado, Luís Paquete, Darrell Whitley (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11101, 2018, ISBN   978-3-319-99252-5, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99253-2
  28. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XV. 15th International Conference, Coimbra, Portugal, September 8–12, 2018, Proceedings, Part II. Anne Auger, Carlos M. Fonseca, Nuno Lourenço, Penousal Machado, Luís Paquete, Darrell Whitley (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11102, 2018, ISBN   978-3-319-99258-7, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99259-4
  29. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVI 16th International Conference, PPSN 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5–9, 2020, Proceedings, Part I. Thomas Bäck, Mike Preuss, André Deutz, Hao Wang, Carola Doerr, Michael Emmerich, Heike Trautmann (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12269, 2020, ISBN   978-3-030-58112-1, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58112-1
  30. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVI 16th International Conference, PPSN 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5–9, 2020, Proceedings, Part II. Thomas Bäck, Mike Preuss, André Deutz, Hao Wang, Carola Doerr, Michael Emmerich, Heike Trautmann (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12270, 2020, ISBN   978-3-030-58111-4, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58115-2
  31. ↑ Rudolph, Günter; Kononova, Anna V; Aguirre, Hernán; Kerschke, Pascal; Ochoa, Gabriela; Tušar, Tea, eds. (2022). Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVII:17th International Conference, PPSN 2022, Dortmund, Germany, September 10–14, 2022, Proceedings, Part I. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13398. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. ISBN   978-3-031-14713-5 . Retrieved 24 October 2025.
  32. ↑ Rudolph, Günter; Kononova, Anna V; Aguirre, Hernán; Kerschke, Pascal; Ochoa, Gabriela; Tušar, Tea, eds. (2022). Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVII: 17th International Conference, PPSN 2022, Dortmund, Germany, September 10–14, 2022, Proceedings, Part II. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13399. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. ISBN   978-3-031-14720-3 . Retrieved 24 October 2025.
  33. ↑ "18th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving From Nature PPSN 2024". PPSN 2024. University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  34. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVIII 18th International Conference, PPSN 2024, Hagenberg, Austria, September 14–18, 2024, Proceedings, Part I. Michael Affenzeller, Stephan M. Winkler, Anna V. Kononova, Heike Trautmann, Tea Tušar, Penousal Machado, Thomas Bäck (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 15148, 2024, ISBN   978-3-031-70054-5, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70055-2
  35. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVIII 18th International Conference, PPSN 2024, Hagenberg, Austria, September 14–18, 2024, Proceedings, Part II. Michael Affenzeller, Stephan M. Winkler, Anna V. Kononova, Heike Trautmann, Tea Tušar, Penousal Machado, Thomas Bäck (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 15149, 2024, ISBN   978-3-031-70067-5, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70068-2
  36. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVIII 18th International Conference, PPSN 2024, Hagenberg, Austria, September 14–18, 2024, Proceedings, Part III. Michael Affenzeller, Stephan M. Winkler, Anna V. Kononova, Heike Trautmann, Tea Tušar, Penousal Machado, Thomas Bäck (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 15150, 2024, ISBN   978-3-031-70070-5, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70071-2
  37. ↑ Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVIII 18th International Conference, PPSN 2024, Hagenberg, Austria, September 14–18, 2024, Proceedings, Part IV. Michael Affenzeller, Stephan M. Winkler, Anna V. Kononova, Heike Trautmann, Tea Tušar, Penousal Machado, Thomas Bäck (Eds). Lecture Notes in Computer Science 15151, 2024, ISBN   978-3-031-70084-2, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70085-9
  38. 1 2 "19th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature". PPSN 2026 - Parallel Problem Solving from Nature 2026. Universita di Trento. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  39. ↑ It was not yet confirmed that Hans-Paul Schwefel would be Honorary Chair of PPSN 2026 when this article was updated in 2025.
  40. ↑ Bäck, Thomas; Preuss, Mike; Deutz, Andre; Wang, Hao; Doerr, Carola; Emmerich, Michael; Trautmann, Heike, eds. (2020). "Table of Contents: Front Matter: Organization: Local Chair". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVI:16th International Conference, PPSN 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5-9, 2020, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12269. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. p. x. ISBN   978-3-030-58111-4 . Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  41. 1 2 "Organizing Committee". PPSN 2026 - Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, Trento, Italy. University of Trento. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  42. ↑ Affenzeller, Michael; Winkler, Stefan M; Kononova, Anna V; Trautmann, Heike; Tušar, Tea; Machado, Penousal; Bäck, Thomas, eds. (2024). "Table of Contents Front Matter: Organization: Technnical Support Chairs". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVIII: 18th International Conference, PPSN 2024, Hagenberg, Austria, September 14–18, 2024, Proceedings, Part I. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 15148. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. p. viii. ISBN   978-3-031-70054-5 . Retrieved 29 October 2025.
  43. ↑ Bäck, Thomas; Preuss, Mike; Deutz, Andre; Wang, Hao; Doerr, Carola; Emmerich, Michael; Trautmann, Heike, eds. (2020). "Table of Contents: Front Matter: Organization: Online Conference Chairs". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVI:16th International Conference, PPSN 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5-9, 2020, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12269. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. p. x. ISBN   978-3-030-58111-4 . Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  44. ↑ Bäck, Thomas; Preuss, Mike; Deutz, Andre; Wang, Hao; Doerr, Carola; Emmerich, Michael; Trautmann, Heike, eds. (2020). "Table of Contents: Front Matter: Organization: Keynote Chair". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVI:16th International Conference, PPSN 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5-9, 2020, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12269. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. p. ix. ISBN   978-3-030-58111-4 . Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  45. ↑ Bäck, Thomas; Preuss, Mike; Deutz, Andre; Wang, Hao; Doerr, Carola; Emmerich, Michael; Trautmann, Heike, eds. (2020). "Table of Contents: Front Matter: Organization: Competition Chair". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVI:16th International Conference, PPSN 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5-9, 2020, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12269. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. p. x. ISBN   978-3-030-58111-4 . Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  46. ↑ Bäck, Thomas; Preuss, Mike; Deutz, Andre; Wang, Hao; Doerr, Carola; Emmerich, Michael; Trautmann, Heike, eds. (2020). "Table of Contents: Front Matter: Organization: Industrial Liason Chair". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVI:16th International Conference, PPSN 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5-9, 2020, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12269. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. p. x. ISBN   978-3-030-58111-4 . Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  47. ↑ Rudolph, Günter; Kononova, Anna V.; Aguirre, Hernán; Kerschke, Pascal; Ochoa, Gabriela; Tušar, Tea, eds. (2022). "Table of Contents Front Matter: Organization: Social Media Chair". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVII:17th International Conference, PPSN 2022, Dortmund, Germany, September 10–14, 2022, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13398. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. p. vii. ISBN   978-3-031-14713-5 . Retrieved 29 October 2025.
  48. ↑ Bäck, Thomas; Preuss, Mike; Deutz, Andre; Wang, Hao; Doerr, Carola; Emmerich, Michael; Trautmann, Heike, eds. (2020). "Table of Contents: Front Matter: Organization". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVI:16th International Conference, PPSN 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5-9, 2020, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12269. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. pp. ix–x. ISBN   978-3-030-58111-4 . Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  49. ↑ Rudolph, Günter; Kononova, Anna V.; Aguirre, Hernán; Kerschke, Pascal; Ochoa, Gabriela; Tušar, Tea, eds. (2022). "Table of Contents Front Matter: Organization". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVII:17th International Conference, PPSN 2022, Dortmund, Germany, September 10–14, 2022, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13398. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. pp. vii–xiv. ISBN   978-3-031-14713-5 . Retrieved 29 October 2025.
  50. ↑ "Organizing Committee". About - PPSN 2024. University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  51. ↑ Described as Conference Chairs rather than General Chairs.
  52. ↑ Described as Conference Chair.
  53. ↑ Described as Program Committee Chairs.
  54. 1 2 Described as Program Chairs.
  55. ↑ Here referred to as Workshop Chair.
  56. ↑ Here referred to as Tutorial Chair.
  57. ↑ Rudulph, Günter; Kononova, Anna V; Aguirre, Hernán; Kerschke, Pascal; Ochoa, Gabriela; Tušar, Tea, eds. (2022). "Table of Contents: Front Matter. Organization: Keynote Speakers". Parallel Problem Solving from Nature – PPSN XVII:17th International Conference, PPSN 2022, Dortmund, Germany, September 10–14, 2022, Proceedings, Part I . Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science 13398. Switzerland: Springer Nature AG. p. xiv. ISBN   978-3-031-14713-5 . Retrieved 26 October 2025.
  58. ↑ See, for example, the call for papers for the forthcoming PPSN 2026 conference in Trento https://ppsn2026.disi.unitn.it/#calls
  59. ↑ "PPSN 2026: Calls: Call for Workshops". PPSN 2026 - Parallel Problem Solving from Nature: Trento, Italy. Universita di Trento. Retrieved 26 October 2025.
  60. 1 2 "Program". Program - PPSN 2024. University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
  61. ↑ Titles of workshops at PPSN 2024 are as given in the original program referenced above, with the exception of workshops 3 and 4 where links included in the workshop title were removed. (They can still be checked on the conference program).
  62. ↑ EDAs is an acronym for Estimation of Distribution Algorithms.
  63. ↑ Initials included in the names of presenters have been entered without a following full stop/period.
  64. ↑ CMA-ES is an abbrevation for Covariance Matrix Adaptation-Evolution Strategy.
  65. ↑ Pareto optimization redirects to Multi-objective optimization in Wikipedia, hence the link here.
  66. ↑ The IEEE organises many conferences, hence there are others that can be abbreviated CEC that do not refer to the topics discussed in this article.
  67. ↑ "ICORE Conference Portal: Parallel Problem Solving From Nature". ICORE Conference Portal. ICORE. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  68. ↑ CORE is now ICORE reflecting the progress of CORE from Australia to an international collaboration between Australia, Italy and Spain.
  69. ↑ "ICORE Conference Portal: GECCO". ICORE Conference Portal. ICORE. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  70. ↑ "ICORE Conference Portal: FOGA". ICORE Conference Portal. ICORE. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  71. ↑ "2025/2026 Submission Round". International CORE Conference Rankings: ICORE. ICORE. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
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