The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a body of the United Nations that was established to prosecute the war crimes that had been committed during the Yugoslav Wars and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal was an ad hoc court located in The Hague,Netherlands.
The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland and constitutes part of the College of Justice;the supreme criminal court of Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary. The Court of Session sits in Parliament House in Edinburgh and is both a trial court and a court of appeal. The court was established in 1532 by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland,and was initially presided over by the Lord Chancellor of Scotland and had equal numbers of clergy and laity. The judges were all appointed from the King's Council. As of May 2017,the Lord President was Lord Carloway,who was appointed on 19 December 2015,and the Lord Justice Clerk was Lady Dorrian,who was appointed on 13 April 2016.
The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court in Scotland. The High Court is both a trial court and a court of appeal. As a trial court,the High Court sits on circuit at Parliament House or in the adjacent former Sheriff Court building in the Old Town in Edinburgh,or in dedicated buildings in Glasgow and Aberdeen. The High Court sometimes sits in various smaller towns in Scotland,where it uses the local sheriff court building. As an appeal court,the High Court sits only in Edinburgh. On one occasion the High Court of Justiciary sat outside Scotland,at Zeist in the Netherlands during the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial,as the Scottish Court in the Netherlands. At Zeist the High Court sat both as a trial court,and an appeal court for the initial appeal by Abdelbaset al-Megrahi.
A sheriff court is the principal local civil and criminal court in Scotland,with exclusive jurisdiction over all civil cases with a monetary value up to £100,000,and with the jurisdiction to hear any criminal case except treason,murder,and rape,which are in the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court of Justiciary. Though the sheriff courts have concurrent jurisdiction with the High Court over armed robbery,drug trafficking,and sexual offences involving children,the vast majority of these cases are heard by the High Court. Each court serves a sheriff court district within one of the six sheriffdoms of Scotland. Each sheriff court is presided over by a sheriff,who is a legally qualified judge,and part of the judiciary of Scotland.
The Bosnian genocide refers to both the Srebrenica massacre and the wider crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) during the Bosnian War of 1992–1995. The events in Srebrenica in 1995 included the killing of more than 8000 Bosniak men and boys,as well as the mass expulsion of another 25000–30000 Bosniak civilians by VRS units under the command of General Ratko Mladić.
The courts of Scotland are responsible for administration of justice in Scotland,under statutory,common law and equitable provisions within Scots law. The courts are presided over by the judiciary of Scotland,who are the various judicial office holders responsible for issuing judgments,ensuring fair trials,and deciding on sentencing. The Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland,subject to appeals to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom,and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court,which is only subject to the authority of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on devolution issues and human rights compatibility issues.
Alexander Featherstonhaugh Wylie,Lord Kinclaven was a Senator of the College of Justice,a judge of the Supreme Courts of Scotland.
Matthew Gerard Clarke,Lord Clarke,PC was a Senator of the College of Justice,a judge of the Supreme Courts of Scotland,sitting in the High Court of Justiciary and the Inner House of the Court of Session.
The Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić was a case before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague,Netherlands,concerning crimes committed during the Bosnian War by Radovan Karadžić,the former President of Republika Srpska. In 2016,Karadžićwas found guilty of 10 of 11 counts of crime including war crimes,genocide and crimes against humanity,and sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. In 2019,the sentence was increased to life in prison.
Radovan Karadžić is a Bosnian Serb politician who was convicted of genocide,crimes against humanity and war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). He was the president of Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War.
Iain Alexander Scott Peebles,Lord Bannatyne was a Senator of the College of Justice,a judge of the High Court of Justiciary and Court of Session in Scotland from 2008 until 2020.
The School of Law at the University of Glasgow provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Law,and awards the degrees of Bachelor of Laws,Master of Laws,LLM by Research,Master of Research (MRes) and Doctor of Philosophy,the degree of Doctor of Laws being awarded generally only as an honorary degree.
Ratko Mladić is a Bosnian Serb former military officer and convicted war criminal who led the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) during the Yugoslav Wars. In 2017,he was found guilty of committing war crimes,crimes against humanity,and genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). He is serving a life sentence for these crimes in The Hague.
Roderick Francis Macdonald,Lord Uist is a Scottish retired judge. As a Senator of the College of Justice,he was a member of the Court of Session,Scotland's highest court.
Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips is a former United Nations genocide and war crimes prosecutor,international lawyer and founder of Charles Anthony (Lawyers) LLP.
O-Gon Kwon is a South Korean jurist,best known for being one of the three judges in the trial of Slobodan Milošević. He also sat on the bench for the trial of former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić.
Sir Howard Andrew Clive Morrison,is a British lawyer and from 2011 to 2021 a Judge of the International Criminal Court based in The Hague,Netherlands. Currently UK advisor on war crimes to the Ukrainian Prosecutor General.
The International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT) or the MICT in Kinyarwanda,also known simply as the Mechanism,is an international court established by the United Nations Security Council in 2010 to perform the remaining functions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) following the completion of those tribunals' respective mandates. It is based in both Arusha,Tanzania and The Hague,Netherlands.
Peter Robinson is an American lawyer who has defended political and military leaders at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunals. His clients include Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić,Rwandan National Assembly President Joseph Nzirorera,Yugoslav Army Chief of Staff Dragoljub Ojdanic,and the lawyer for Liberian President Charles Taylor.
The judiciary of Scotland are the judicial office holders who sit in the courts of Scotland and make decisions in both civil and criminal cases. Judges make sure that cases and verdicts are within the parameters set by Scots law,and they must hand down appropriate judgments and sentences. Judicial independence is guaranteed in law,with a legal duty on Scottish Ministers,the Lord Advocate and the Members of the Scottish Parliament to uphold judicial independence,and barring them from influencing the judges through any form of special access.
