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The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum. Its main function is to absorb vitamin B12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.
Intrinsic factor (IF), cobalamin binding intrinsic factor, also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells (in humans) or chief cells (in rodents) of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the distal ileum of the small intestine. In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the CBLIF gene. Haptocorrin (transcobalamin I) is another glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands which binds to vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is acid-sensitive and in binding to haptocorrin it can safely pass through the acidic stomach to the duodenum. In the less acidic environment of the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes digest the glycoprotein carrier and vitamin B12 can then bind to intrinsic factor. This new complex is then absorbed by the epithelial cells (enterocytes) of the ileum. Inside the cells, vitamin B12 dissociates once again and binds to another protein, transcobalamin II; the new complex can then exit the epithelial cells to be carried to the liver.
Malassezia is a genus of fungi. It is the sole genus in family Malasseziaceae, which is the only family in order Malasseziales, itself the single member of class Malasseziomycetes. Malassezia species are naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans. In occasional opportunistic infections, some species can cause hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation on the trunk and other locations in humans. Allergy tests for these fungi are available.
Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC) is a group of rapidly growing, multidrug-resistant, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species that are common soil and water contaminants. Although M. abscessus complex most commonly causes chronic lung infection and skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), the complex can also cause infection in almost all human organs, mostly in patients with suppressed immune systems. Amongst NTM species responsible for disease, infection caused by M. abscessus complex are more difficult to treat due to antimicrobial drug resistance.
Mycobacterium bolletii is a bacterial species of the phylum Actinomycetota and the genus Mycobacterium. It was named in honor of Claude Bollet, a famous clinical microbiologist and taxonomist.
Mycobacterium caprae is a species of bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium and a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The species is named after the caprines, the organisms from which M. caprae was first isolated. Prior to 2003, the species was referred to as Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae. It is also synonymous with the name Mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae.
Substance-K receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TACR2 gene.
Parasutterella is a genus of Gram-negative, circular/rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria from the Proteobacteria phylum, Betaproteobacteria class and the family Sutterellaceae. Previously, this genus was considered "unculturable," meaning that it could not be characterized through conventional laboratory techniques, such as grow in culture due its unique requirements of anaerobic environment. The genus was initially discovered through 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. By analyzing the sequence similarity, Parasutterella was determined to be related most closely to the genus Sutterella and previously classified in the family Alcaligenaceae.
Lactobacillus gallinarum is a species in the genus Lactobacillus. Its type strain is ATCC 33199.
Aeromicrobium is a Gram-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Nocardioidaceae.
Brachybacterium is a genus of Gram positive, nonmotile bacteria. The cells are coccoid during the stationary phase, and irregular rods during the exponential phase. The genus name comes from Greek word brachy, meaning short, and Latin bacterium, meaning rods, referencing the short rods noted during the exponential phase.
Roseomonas is a genus of Gram negative bacteria. The cells are coccoid rods when viewed microscopically. Certain species are known to be opportunistic infections for humans.
Noviherbaspirillum is a genus of bacteria in the family of Oxalobacteraceae.
Ileibacterium is a genus from the family of Erysipelotrichidae.
Ileibacterium valens is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Ileibacterium which has been isolated from the intestine of a murine from New York City in the United States.
Noviherbaspirillum autotrophicum is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Noviherbaspirillum which has been isolated from rice paddy soil.
Noviherbaspirillum massiliense is a bacterium from the genus of Noviherbaspirillum which has been isolated from human faeces.
Dubosiella is a Gram-positive genus from the family of Erysipelotrichidae with one known species. Dubosiella newyorkensis has been isolated from the intestinal content of a murine from New York City in the United States. Dubosiella is named after the American microbiologist René Dubos.
Inediibacterium is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, and strictly anaerobic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae with one known species. It was isolated from the gut flora of an undernourished infant.
Acidipropionibacterium timonense is a bacterium from the genus of Acidipropionibacterium.
References
- 1 2 3 "Ileibacterium massiliense". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Mailhe, M.; Ricaboni, D.; Vitton, V.; Lagier, J.-C.; Fournier, P.-E.; Raoult, D. (May 2017). "'Ileibacterium massiliense' gen. nov., sp. nov., a new bacterial species isolated from human ileum of a patient with Crohn disease". New Microbes and New Infections. 17: 25–26. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.11.022. PMC 5328724 . PMID 28275435.
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