Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon

Last updated
Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon
Part of the Lebanese Civil War
Date1978–1991
Location
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents

Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Lebanese Forces

Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg South Lebanon Army


Supported by:

Marada-flag.png Marada Brigade
Flag of NLP Tigers Militia.jpg Free Tigers
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Lebanese Forces – Executive Command (1986–1991)
Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg Eagles of the Whirlwind
Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party.svg Popular Guard
Flag of Lebanon.svg Pro-Hrawi Faction of the Lebanese Armed Forces (1989–1991)


Supported by:

Flag of Lebanon.svg Pro-Aoun Faction of the Lebanese Armed Forces (1989–1991)


Supported by:

Commanders and leaders

Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Bachir Gemayel  
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Samir Geagea
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Fadi Frem
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Fouad Abou Nader
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Elie Hobeika (1978–1985)
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Fouad Malek
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Hanna Atik
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Boutros Khawand
Flag of Kataeb Party.svg Pierre Gemayel #
Flag of Kataeb Party.svg Amine Gemayel
Flag of Kataeb Party.svg Karim Pakradouni
Flag of NLP Tigers Militia.jpg Dany Chamoun  
Flag of NLP Tigers Militia.jpg Camille Chamoun #
Flag of NLP Tigers Militia.jpg Dory Chamoun
Flagofgocparty.gif Étienne Sakr
Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg Saad Haddad #
Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg Antoine Lahad
Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg Aql Hashem


Flag of Israel.svg Menachem Begin
Flag of Israel.svg Ariel Sharon
Flag of Israel.svg Rafael Eitan Flag of Israel.svg Avigdor Ben-Gal

Marada-flag.png Suleiman Frangieh
Marada-flag.png Antoine "Tony" Frangieh  
Marada-flag.png Robert Frangieh
Marada-flag.png Suleiman Frangieh II
Flag of NLP Tigers Militia.jpg Elias el-Hannouche
Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg Elie Hobeika (1986–1991)
Flag of Lebanon.svg Elie Ferzli
Flag of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.svg Asaad Hardan
Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party.svg Georges Hawi
Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party.svg Elias Atallah
Flag of Lebanon.svg Elias Hrawi
Flag of Lebanon.svg Émile Lahoud


Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg Hafez al-Assad
Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg Mustafa Tlass
Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg Hikmat al-Shihabi
Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg Ghazi Kanaan
Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg Rifaat al-Assad

Flag of Lebanon.svg Michel Aoun
Flag of Lebanon.svg Edgar Maalouf
Flag of Lebanon.svg Issam Abou Jamra


Flag of Iraq (1963-1991); Flag of Syria (1963-1972).svg Saddam Hussein

Inter-Christian conflicts in Lebanon were sub-conflicts between Christian or secular militias but heavily composed of Christians during the Lebanese Civil War. It involves Phoenicianist Christian forces against pro-Syrian right-wing Christian forces, secular and left-wing Christian forces.

History

In 1977, relations within the Lebanese Front became strained between the Lebanese Phalanges and its close allies in the Marada Movement. This follows a decision by the Phalanges to try to ally with Israel, which the Maradas, long-time allies of Syria and anti-Zionists, categorically refuse. [1]

It was then that regular clashes between the phalanges of Bachir Gemayel and the Marada Brigade were reported. This separation within the Lebanese Front poisons relations with former allies, notably the Kataeb, who try to encroach on the areas held by the maradas, which will lead to the death of Joud al-Bayeh, assassinated by several maradas, and will lead to in June of that same year, 1978, a FL raid on Zghorta and Ehden, strongholds of the Marada. The initial plan, ordered by Bashir Gemayel, was to arrest those who had murdered al-Bayeh. It was known that they were hiding in Frangié's summer residence in Ehden, but apparently degenerated in the heat of the moment, Tony Frangieh, his wife Vera and his daughter Jihane as well as 35 people were killed during this surprise attack. against 10 FL fighters. This event is known as the Ehden massacre. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

This massacre prompted the maradas and the Frangieh family to ally themselves with the Lebanese enemies of the Lebanese Phalanges, notably the Lebanese National Movement. In retaliation, around a hundred Phalangists were massacred by the maradas in the following days and the others forced to flee or hide, another intervention led to the Qaa massacre, [7] carried out by the Syrian armed forces on the orders of Rifaat al-Assad, with the aim of avenging Tony Frangieh. [8]

During the same period, Bachir Gemayel tried to forcefully integrate the Christian militias into the Lebanese Forces (LF) by abolishing the old militias. As a result, this policy led to inter-Christian massacres until 1980, when Dany Chamoun's Tiger Militia was forcibly integrated into the LF. This will also give rise to the Free Tigers, who do not accept integration within the LF. The Free Tigers repeatedly attacked American representations in Lebanon to discredit the LF and were protected by the Syrian army.

At the same time, the organization of the Eagles of the Whirlwind (composed of many Orthodox and Maronite Christians with a strong Shiite Muslim component) linked to the secular Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) was organized following the invasion of Lebanon by the Israeli troops via the south of the country. It is at this precise moment that the Lebanese National Resistance Front replaces the Lebanese National Movement, of which the SSNP and then the Marada Brigade will integrate.

The September 14, 1982 Habib Shartouni, a pro-Syrian social-nationalist activist of the Maronite faith, detonated his homemade bomb located in his sister's apartment, killing Bachir Gemayel and 25 other Phalangists. [9] The motive for the attack was the open collaboration between the Lebanese Phalanges and Israel.

Subsequently, the Lebanese Phalanges were led by Fadi Frem then by Fouad Abou Nader between 1982 and 1985, the forces were generally unified, until the ousting of Abou Nader and the taking of office of Elie Hobeika. On March 12, 1985, Samir Geagea, Elie Hobeika and Karim Pakradouni rebelled against the command of Abu Nader, apparently to return the Lebanese Forces to their original path. Elie Hobeika then takes charge of the FL. However, relations with Samir Geagea became strained, Hobeika moved closer to the Syrians and ended up signing a tripartite agreement sponsored by Syria and aimed at ending the Lebanese civil war.

In December 1985, Hobeika signed on behalf of the LF an agreement with the Syrian government, the Druze Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) led by Walid Jumblatt and the Shiite Muslim Amal movement led by Nabih Berri, known as the Tripartite Agreement. One of the cornerstones of the agreement was the dismantling of Lebanese militias of all factions. He also planned to initiate political changes that would end sectarian domination over the Lebanese parliament and army. [10]

Within the LF, there has been dispute over whether to maintain ties with Israel and how to respond to Syrian-sponsored negotiations to end the fighting. Hobeika was opposed to retaining existing ties with Israel. In October 1985, while negotiations were underway, skirmishes took place between Geagea's supporters and Hobeika's supporters, where Hobeika's supporters attempted to bribe Geagea's supporters to betray Geagea. Samir Geagea and President Amine Gemayel decided not to accept the tripartite agreement and Geagea's LF attacked Hobeika's supporters, with the aim of carrying out an internal coup within the LF in favor. What they managed to do in January 1986 with the expulsion of Hobeika and the creation of the dissident formation of the Lebanese Forces – Executive Command which allied itself with the Syrian armed forces.

References

  1. Tony Badran, Lebanon's Militia Wars in Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis (2009), p. 41.
  2. Collelo, Lebanon: a country study (1989), p. 240.
  3. Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon 1982–84 (1985), p. 8.
  4. Gordon, The Gemayels (1988), p. 55.
  5. O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 79.
  6. Tony Badran, Lebanon's Militia Wars in Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis (2009), p. 41.
  7. "Lebanese Christians Are Slain by Gunmen". The New York Times. 29 June 1978.
  8. Naor, Dan (2016-07-02). "The Ehden massacre of 1978 in Lebanon: The creation of a resistance myth" . The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. 7 (3): 321–337. doi:10.1080/21520844.2016.1228041. ISSN   2152-0844.
  9. Zeev Schiff; Ehud Ya'ari (1985). Simon and Schuster (ed.). Israel's Lebanon War. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-0671479916.
  10. "Lebanon: Information on the Jaejae, Hobeika and al-Kataeb groups". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.