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The International Academy of Sciences San Marino (Esperanto : Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino, AIS) was a scientific association. It was established in 1983 and had its first convention, SUS 1, around New Year 1984 in the City of San Marino. [1] After the Sammarinese skeleton law on higher education had been passed the academy was officially founded on 13 September 1985, [2] in the presence of the Captains-Regent. Its name uses the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto.
Although the juristical association was officaly dissolved at the end of 2020, the AIS is still active. [3] [4]
The AIS was founded on an initiative of scientists from various countries, such as Helmar Frank, Humphrey Tonkin, and Reinhard Selten.
The Sammarinese government at first gave the academy broad moral support. When, however, the università degli studi was founded at San Marino in 1988, it gained priority over the AIS, which then concentrated on working abroad from San Marino. Conventions and summer schools were held in Bulgaria, Korea, the Czech Republic, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia and Sweden.
The AIS was divided into the following four sectors:
The Scientific Sector consisted of six faculties. [5] Its structure followed a strictly philosophical system, based on two criteria:
This led to a division into six sections: [5] [6]
nomothetic | idiographic | |
---|---|---|
World 1 | (natural) sciences | morphologic sciences |
World 2 | cybernetics | humanities |
World 3 | structural sciences | philosophy |
Each faculty was headed by a dean and is also further divided into three or four departments, each with their own head. Within the Scientific Sector there was a hierarchy of contributors. [5]
Level of Membership | Title |
---|---|
Full Members (MdAIS) | Professors in ordinary (OProf) |
Associated Members (AMdAIS) | Associated professors (AProf) and the independent lecturers (PDoc) |
Adjuncts (AdAIS) | Associated lecturers (ADoc) or scientific assistants (ASci) |
The AIS was based on three principles that its members see insufficiently supported in other universities:
In 2006 the AIS consisted of about 250 scientists, among them a little fewer than 50 full members, including co-founder Reinhard Selten.
Some 300 scientists contributed to the AIS as members of the "International Scientific College" (Internacia Scienca Kolegio, ISK). [8] They were not active in teaching for the AIS but were available for opinions on theses and similar tasks. Knowledge of Esperanto was a precondition for membership in the ISK (as well as the AIS).
A notable rector was Fabrizio Angelo Pennacchietti, an Italian orientalist who graduated from La Sapienza.
Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it is intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language". Zamenhof first described the language in Dr. Esperanto's International Language, which he published under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto. Early adopters of the language liked the name Esperanto and soon used it to describe his language. The word esperanto translates into English as "one who hopes".
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, is a European microstate surrounded by Italy. Located on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, it is the fifth-smallest country in the world, with a land area of just over 61 km2 and a population of 33,642, as of 2023.
Reinhard Justus Reginald Selten was a German economist, who won the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He is also well known for his work in bounded rationality and can be considered one of the founding fathers of experimental economics.
AIS may refer to:
Humphrey R. Tonkin is professor of English, and served as the 4th president of the University of Hartford. He is also a dedicated Esperantist.
Helmar Gunter Frank was a German mathematician and pedagogist. He was among the first scientists to apply mathematical methods in teaching and psychology. He established a method to measure intelligence on an absolute and homogeneous scale rather than by comparison between individuals.
William Edward Collinson was a British linguist and, from 1914 to 1954, Chair of German at the University of Liverpool. Like Edward Sapir and Otto Jespersen, he collaborated with Alice Vanderbilt Morris to develop the research program of the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). From 1936 to 1939, he was Research Director of IALA. Under Collinson's guidance, methods of compiling international word material were tested at Liverpool. In 1939 IALA moved from Liverpool to New York and E. Clark Stillman succeeded Collinson as Research Director. Alexander Gode, editor of the first English-Interlingua dictionary published in 1951, remained in contact with Collinson which had collected much of linguistic material in the University of Liverpool.
Boris Grigorevich Kolker is a language teacher, translator and advocate of the international language Esperanto. He was until 1993 a Soviet and Russian citizen and since then has been a resident and citizen of the United States residing in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1985 he was awarded a Ph.D. in linguistics from the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow.
Ralph Arnold Lewin was an Anglo-American biologist, known as "the father of green algae genetics". He was born in London and later moved to America. He also was known as a poetry author.
Vinko Ošlak is a Slovene author, essayist, translator, columnist and esperantist from the Austrian state of Carinthia.
Hans Michael Maitzen is an Austrian astronomer.
Wim De Smet was a Flemish zoologist, specialized in marine mammals, and an esperantist. He published a lot of scientific and popularizing articles in Dutch, English, French and Esperanto. He projected an entirely new system for the naming and classification of animals and plants.
Claus Killing-Günkel, in Esperanto also known as Nikolao Günkel, is a German teacher and interlinguist.
Grégoire Maertens is a Belgian Esperantist who was a member of the Estraro for the UEA from 1977 until 1992. From 1980 until 1986, he was president of the UEA, and an honorary member from 1993 onwards.
The Esperanto workers movement has the goal of taking practical advantage of the international language Esperanto for advancing the goals of the labour movement, especially the fight against unrestrained capitalism. It is not only a political movement in the strict sense but also a cultural and educational one. Currently the principal Esperanto associations active in the Esperanto workers movement at the global level are the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda and the Internacia Komunista Esperantista Kolektivo, and in a wider sense, the Monda Asembleo Socia.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Esperanto:
There are two conventional sets ASCII substitutions for the letters in the Esperanto alphabet that have diacritics, as well as a number of graphic work-arounds.
Ilona Koutny is a Hungarian linguist and Esperantist. She works as a professor in Poznań, Poland. In 2008, she was honoured as "Esperantist of the Year" by the magazine La Ondo de Esperanto.