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Norbert Wiener was an American computer scientist, mathematician and philosopher. He became a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). A child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher in stochastic and mathematical noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems.
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William Ross Ashby was an English psychiatrist and a pioneer in cybernetics, the study of the science of communications and automatic control systems in both machines and living things. His first name was not used: he was known as Ross Ashby.
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Cybernetics is the transdisciplinary study of circular processes such as feedback systems where outputs are also inputs. It is concerned with general principles that are relevant across multiple contexts, including in ecological, technological, biological, cognitive and social systems and also in practical activities such as designing, learning, and managing.
Alexander Laszlo (*1964) is a polycultural systems scientist, currently residing in Argentina.
Markus Schwaninger is an Austrian economist and Professor of Management at the University of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and Director of the International World Organization of Systems and Cybernetics. He is known for his co-authorship of the St. Galler Management-Model.
References
- ↑ Peter A. Corning (2005). Holistic Darwinism: synergy, cybernetics, and the bioeconomics of evolution. p.147.
- ↑ "Not Found" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ↑ John P. Van Gigch (2006). Wisdom, knowledge, and management: a critique and analysis of Churchman's. p.xxvii
- ↑ "President GA Swanson". Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
- ↑ "Not Found" (PDF).
- ↑ "Modélisation et Méthodes Mathématiques - Université de Liège".
- ↑ "General Thinking".
- ↑ "Francisco Parra - Luna".
- ↑ "Markus Schwaninger", Wikipedia (in German), 2021-12-08, retrieved 2024-01-24
- ↑ "ManBetX客户端网页版-主站进入".
- ↑ "STRATO - Domain not available". benking.de. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
- ↑ "UIA - Saur Relations: Sharing a Documentary Pilgrimage | Union of International Associations". uia.org. Retrieved 2024-01-24.