Intussusceptive angiogenesis

Last updated

Intussusceptive angiogenesis also known as splitting angiogenesis, is a type of angiogenesis, the process whereby a new blood vessel is created. By intussusception a new blood vessel is created by splitting of an existing blood vessel in two. [1] [2] [3] Intussusception occurs in normal development as well as in pathologic conditions involving wound healing, [4] tissue regeneration, inflammation as colitis [5] [6] or myocarditis, [7] lung fibrosis, [8] and tumors [9] [10] amongst others.

Intussusception was first observed in neonatal rats. In this type of vessel formation, the capillary wall extends into the lumen to split a single vessel in two. There are four phases of intussusceptive angiogenesis. First, the two opposing capillary walls establish a zone of contact. Second, the endothelial cell junctions are reorganized and the vessel bilayer is perforated to allow growth factors and cells to penetrate into the lumen. Third, a core is formed between the two new vessels at the zone of contact that is filled with pericytes and myofibroblasts. These cells begin laying collagen fibers into the core to provide an extracellular matrix for growth of the vessel lumen. Finally, the core is fleshed out with no alterations to the basic structure. Intussusception is important because it is a reorganization of existing cells. It allows a vast increase in the number of capillaries without a corresponding increase in the number of endothelial cells. This is especially important in embryonic development as there are not enough resources to create a rich microvasculature with new cells every time a new vessel develops.[ citation needed ]

A process called coalescent angiogenesis [11] [12] is considered the opposite of intussusceptive angiogenesis. During coalescent angiogenesis capillaries fuse and form larger vessels to increase blood flow and circulation. Several other modes of angiogenesis have been described, such as sprouting angiogenesis, vessel co-option and vessel elongation. [13]

Research

In a small study comparing the lungs of patients who had died from COVID-19 to those that had died from influenza A pneumonia (H1N1) to uninfected controls during autopsy; there was a significantly greater density of intussusceptive angiogenic features in the lungs of patients who had died from Covid-19 as compared to influenza A and the control group. The degree of intussusceptive angiogenic features in the lungs from the Covid-19 patients were also found to be greater as the length of hospitalization increased (which was not seen in the influenza or control groups). This suggests that increased or enhanced intussusceptive angiogenesis is seen in Covid-19 and may play a role in pathogenesis. [14] [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Capillary</span> Smallest type of blood vessel

A capillary is a small blood vessel, from 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter, and is part of the microcirculation system. Capillaries are microvessels and the smallest blood vessels in the body. They are composed of only the tunica intima, consisting of a thin wall of simple squamous endothelial cells. They are the site of the exchange of many substances from the surrounding interstitial fluid, and they convey blood from the smallest branches of the arteries (arterioles) to those of the veins (venules). Other substances which cross capillaries include water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea, glucose, uric acid, lactic acid and creatinine. Lymph capillaries connect with larger lymph vessels to drain lymphatic fluid collected in microcirculation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angiogenesis</span> Blood vessel formation, when new vessels emerge from existing vessels

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis. Angiogenesis continues the growth of the vasculature mainly by processes of sprouting and splitting, but processes such as coalescent angiogenesis, vessel elongation and vessel cooption also play a role. Vasculogenesis is the embryonic formation of endothelial cells from mesoderm cell precursors, and from neovascularization, although discussions are not always precise. The first vessels in the developing embryo form through vasculogenesis, after which angiogenesis is responsible for most, if not all, blood vessel growth during development and in disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microangiopathy</span> Medical condition

Microangiopathy is a disease of the microvessels, small blood vessels in the microcirculation. It can be contrasted to macroangiopathies such as atherosclerosis, where large and medium-sized arteries are primarily affected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endothelium</span> Layer of cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels

The endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Endothelial cells form the barrier between vessels and tissue and control the flow of substances and fluid into and out of a tissue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conjunctiva</span> Part of the eye; protective outer layer covering the sclera

In the anatomy of the eye, the conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera. It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, stratified columnar epithelium and stratified cuboidal epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pericyte</span> Cells associated with capillary linings

Pericytes are multi-functional mural cells of the microcirculation that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries throughout the body. Pericytes are embedded in the basement membrane of blood capillaries, where they communicate with endothelial cells by means of both direct physical contact and paracrine signaling. The morphology, distribution, density and molecular fingerprints of pericytes vary between organs and vascular beds. Pericytes help to maintain homeostatic and hemostatic functions in the brain, one of the organs with higher pericyte coverage, and also sustain the blood–brain barrier. These cells are also a key component of the neurovascular unit, which includes endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Pericytes have been postulated to regulate capillary blood flow and the clearance and phagocytosis of cellular debris in vitro. Pericytes stabilize and monitor the maturation of endothelial cells by means of direct communication between the cell membrane as well as through paracrine signaling. A deficiency of pericytes in the central nervous system can cause increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier.

Vascular endothelial growth factor, originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors. They are important signaling proteins involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.

An angiogenesis inhibitor is a substance that inhibits the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Some angiogenesis inhibitors are endogenous and a normal part of the body's control and others are obtained exogenously through pharmaceutical drugs or diet.

Vasculogenesis is the process of blood vessel formation, occurring by a de novo production of endothelial cells. It is the first stage of the formation of the vascular network, closely followed by angiogenesis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interstitium</span> In anatomy, a fluid-filled space between a structural barrier and internal structures

The interstitium is a contiguous fluid-filled space existing between a structural barrier, such as a cell membrane or the skin, and internal structures, such as organs, including muscles and the circulatory system. The fluid in this space is called interstitial fluid, comprises water and solutes, and drains into the lymph system. The interstitial compartment is composed of connective and supporting tissues within the body – called the extracellular matrix – that are situated outside the blood and lymphatic vessels and the parenchyma of organs. The role of the interstitium in solute concentration, protein transport and hydrostatic pressure impacts human pathology and physiological responses such as edema, inflammation and shock.

Neovascularization is the natural formation of new blood vessels, usually in the form of functional microvascular networks, capable of perfusion by red blood cells, that form to serve as collateral circulation in response to local poor perfusion or ischemia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angiopoietin</span> Protein family

Angiopoietin is part of a family of vascular growth factors that play a role in embryonic and postnatal angiogenesis. Angiopoietin signaling most directly corresponds with angiogenesis, the process by which new arteries and veins form from preexisting blood vessels. Angiogenesis proceeds through sprouting, endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and vessel destabilization and stabilization. They are responsible for assembling and disassembling the endothelial lining of blood vessels. Angiopoietin cytokines are involved with controlling microvascular permeability, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction by signaling smooth muscle cells surrounding vessels. There are now four identified angiopoietins: ANGPT1, ANGPT2, ANGPTL3, ANGPT4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular permeability</span>

Vascular permeability, often in the form of capillary permeability or microvascular permeability, characterizes the capacity of a blood vessel wall to allow for the flow of small molecules or even whole cells in and out of the vessel. Blood vessel walls are lined by a single layer of endothelial cells. The gaps between endothelial cells are strictly regulated depending on the type and physiological state of the tissue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VE-cadherin</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cadherin-5, or VE-cadherin, also known as CD144, is a type of cadherin. It is encoded by the human gene CDH5.

A cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitor is an angiogenesis inhibitor produced from cartilage. Examples include the peptide troponin I and chondromodulin I. The antiangiogenic effect may be an inhibition of basement membrane degradation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular endothelial growth factor A</span> Protein involved in blood vessel growth

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VEGFA gene.

Neuroangiogenesis is the coordinated growth of nerves and blood vessels. The nervous and blood vessel systems share guidance cues and cell-surface receptors allowing for this synchronised growth. The term neuroangiogenesis only came into use in 2002 and the process was previously known as neurovascular patterning. The combination of neurogenesis and angiogenesis is an essential part of embryonic development and early life. It is thought to have a role in pathologies such as endometriosis, brain tumors, and Alzheimer's disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tumor-associated endothelial cell</span>

Tumor-associated endothelial cells or tumor endothelial cells (TECs) refers to cells lining the tumor-associated blood vessels that control the passage of nutrients into surrounding tumor tissue. Across different cancer types, tumor-associated blood vessels have been discovered to differ significantly from normal blood vessels in morphology, gene expression, and functionality in ways that promote cancer progression. There has been notable interest in developing cancer therapeutics that capitalize on these abnormalities of the tumor-associated endothelium to destroy tumors.

Axel Radlach Pries is a German professor of physiology and, since 2015, Dean of the board of Charité hospital in Berlin, Germany and President of the World Health Summit. He is married to the photographer Gina Elisabeth Pries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coalescent angiogenesis</span> Process of blood vessel formation

Angiogenesis is the process of the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vascular structures, which is needed for oxygenation of - and providing nutrients to - expanding tissue. Angiogenesis takes place through different modes of action. Coalescent angiogenesis is a mode of angiogenesis where vessels coalesce or fuse to increase blood circulation. This process transforms an inefficient net structure into a more efficient treelike structure. It is the opposite of intussusceptive angiogenesis, which is where vessels split to form new vessels.

References

  1. ↑ Djonov, V.; Schmid, M.; Tschanz, S. A.; Burri, P. H. (2000-02-18). "Intussusceptive angiogenesis: its role in embryonic vascular network formation". Circulation Research. 86 (3): 286–292. doi: 10.1161/01.res.86.3.286 . ISSN   1524-4571. PMID   10679480. S2CID   45113283.
  2. ↑ Makanya, Andrew N.; Hlushchuk, Ruslan; Djonov, Valentin G. (2009). "Intussusceptive angiogenesis and its role in vascular morphogenesis, patterning, and remodeling". Angiogenesis. 12 (2): 113–123. doi:10.1007/s10456-009-9129-5. ISSN   1573-7209. PMID   19194777. S2CID   8145437.
  3. ↑ De Spiegelaere, Ward; Casteleyn, Christophe; Van den Broeck, Wim; Plendl, Johanna; Bahramsoltani, Mahtab; Simoens, Paul; Djonov, Valentin; Cornillie, Pieter (2012). "Intussusceptive Angiogenesis: A Biologically Relevant Form of Angiogenesis". Journal of Vascular Research. 49 (5): 390–404. doi: 10.1159/000338278 . ISSN   1018-1172. PMID   22739226.
  4. ↑ Erba, Paolo; Ogawa, Rei; Ackermann, Maximilian; Adini, Avner; Miele, Lino F.; Dastouri, Pouya; Helm, Doug; Mentzer, Steven J.; D’Amato, Robert J.; Murphy, George F.; Konerding, Moritz A.; Orgill, Dennis P. (February 2011). "Angiogenesis in Wounds Treated by Microdeformational Wound Therapy". Annals of Surgery. 253 (2): 402–409. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31820563a8. PMC   3403722 . PMID   21217515.
  5. ↑ Konerding, Moritz A.; Turhan, Aslihan; Ravnic, Dino J.; Lin, Miao; Fuchs, Christine; Secomb, Timothy W.; Tsuda, Akira; Mentzer, Steven J. (May 2010). "Inflammation-Induced Intussusceptive Angiogenesis in Murine Colitis". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 293 (5): 849–857. doi:10.1002/ar.21110. PMC   3045768 . PMID   20225210.
  6. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Tsuda, Akira; Secomb, Timothy W.; Mentzer, Steven J.; Konerding, Moritz A. (May 2013). "Intussusceptive remodeling of vascular branch angles in chemically-induced murine colitis". Microvascular Research. 87: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2013.02.002. PMC   3627825 . PMID   23485588.
  7. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Wagner, Willi L.; Rellecke, Philipp; Akhyari, Payam; Boeken, Udo; Reinecke, Petra (21 March 2020). "Parvovirus B19-induced angiogenesis in fulminant myocarditis". European Heart Journal. 41 (12): 1309. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa092 . ISSN   0195-668X. PMID   32101607.
  8. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Stark, Helge; Neubert, Lavinia; Schubert, Stephanie; Borchert, Paul; Linz, Friedemann; Wagner, Willi L.; Stiller, Wolfram; Wielpütz, Mark; Hoefer, Anne; Haverich, Axel; Mentzer, Steven J.; Shah, Harshit R.; Welte, Tobias; Kuehnel, Mark; Jonigk, Danny (March 2020). "Morphomolecular motifs of pulmonary neoangiogenesis in interstitial lung diseases". European Respiratory Journal. 55 (3): 1900933. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00933-2019 . PMID   31806721. S2CID   208742259.
  9. ↑ Ribatti, Domenico; Djonov, Valentin (March 2012). "Intussusceptive microvascular growth in tumors". Cancer Letters. 316 (2): 126–131. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.040. PMID   22197620.
  10. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Morse, Brent A.; Delventhal, Vera; Carvajal, Irvith M.; Konerding, Moritz A. (23 August 2012). "Anti-VEGFR2 and anti-IGF-1R-Adnectins inhibit Ewing's sarcoma A673-xenograft growth and normalize tumor vascular architecture". Angiogenesis. 15 (4): 685–695. doi:10.1007/s10456-012-9294-9. PMID   22914877. S2CID   55783.
  11. ↑ Nitzsche, Bianca; Rong, Wen Wei; Goede, Andrean; Hoffmann, Björn; Scarpa, Fabio; Kuebler, Wolfgang M.; Secomb, Timothy W.; Pries, Axel R. (February 2022). "Coalescent angiogenesis-evidence for a novel concept of vascular network maturation". Angiogenesis. 25 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1007/s10456-021-09824-3. ISSN   1573-7209. PMC   8669669 . PMID   34905124.
  12. ↑ Pezzella, Francesco; Kerbel, Robert S. (February 2022). "On coalescent angiogenesis and the remarkable flexibility of blood vessels". Angiogenesis. 25 (1): 1–3. doi: 10.1007/s10456-021-09825-2 . ISSN   1573-7209. PMID   34993716. S2CID   254188870.
  13. ↑ Dudley AC, Griffioen AW (April 2023). "Pathological angiogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies". Angiogenesis. 26 (3): 313–347. doi:10.1007/s10456-023-09876-7. PMC   10105163 . PMID   37060495.
  14. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Verleden, Stijn E.; Kuehnel, Mark; Haverich, Axel; Welte, Tobias; Laenger, Florian; Vanstapel, Arno; Werlein, Christopher; Stark, Helge; Tzankov, Alexandar; Li, William W.; Li, Vincent W.; Mentzer, Steven J.; Jonigk, Danny (21 May 2020). "Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (2): 120–128. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015432 . PMC   7412750 . PMID   32437596.
  15. ↑ "Injury patterns in COVID-19 lungs". Panta Rhei Study Group. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.