Intussusceptive angiogenesis

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Intussusceptive angiogenesis also known as splitting angiogenesis, is a type of angiogenesis, the process whereby a new blood vessel is created. By intussusception a new blood vessel is created by splitting of an existing blood vessel in two. [1] [2] [3] Intussusception occurs in normal development as well as in pathologic conditions involving wound healing, [4] tissue regeneration, inflammation as colitis [5] [6] or myocarditis, [7] lung fibrosis, [8] and tumors [9] [10] amongst others.

Intussusception was first observed in neonatal rats. In this type of vessel formation, the capillary wall extends into the lumen to split a single vessel in two. There are four phases of intussusceptive angiogenesis. First, the two opposing capillary walls establish a zone of contact. Second, the endothelial cell junctions are reorganized and the vessel bilayer is perforated to allow growth factors and cells to penetrate into the lumen. Third, a core is formed between the two new vessels at the zone of contact that is filled with pericytes and myofibroblasts. These cells begin laying collagen fibers into the core to provide an extracellular matrix for growth of the vessel lumen. Finally, the core is fleshed out with no alterations to the basic structure. Intussusception is important because it is a reorganization of existing cells. It allows a vast increase in the number of capillaries without a corresponding increase in the number of endothelial cells. This is especially important in embryonic development as there are not enough resources to create a rich microvasculature with new cells every time a new vessel develops.[ citation needed ]

A process called coalescent angiogenesis [11] [12] is considered the opposite of intussusceptive angiogenesis. During coalescent angiogenesis capillaries fuse and form larger vessels to increase blood flow and circulation. Several other modes of angiogenesis have been described, such as sprouting angiogenesis, vessel co-option and vessel elongation. [13]

Research

In a small study comparing the lungs of patients who had died from COVID-19 to those that had died from influenza A pneumonia (H1N1) to uninfected controls during autopsy; there was a significantly greater density of intussusceptive angiogenic features in the lungs of patients who had died from Covid-19 as compared to influenza A and the control group. The degree of intussusceptive angiogenic features in the lungs from the Covid-19 patients were also found to be greater as the length of hospitalization increased (which was not seen in the influenza or control groups). This suggests that increased or enhanced intussusceptive angiogenesis is seen in Covid-19 and may play a role in pathogenesis. [14] [15]

References

  1. ↑ Djonov, V.; Schmid, M.; Tschanz, S. A.; Burri, P. H. (2000-02-18). "Intussusceptive angiogenesis: its role in embryonic vascular network formation". Circulation Research. 86 (3): 286–292. doi: 10.1161/01.res.86.3.286 . ISSN   1524-4571. PMID   10679480. S2CID   45113283.
  2. ↑ Makanya, Andrew N.; Hlushchuk, Ruslan; Djonov, Valentin G. (2009). "Intussusceptive angiogenesis and its role in vascular morphogenesis, patterning, and remodeling". Angiogenesis. 12 (2): 113–123. doi:10.1007/s10456-009-9129-5. ISSN   1573-7209. PMID   19194777. S2CID   8145437.
  3. ↑ De Spiegelaere, Ward; Casteleyn, Christophe; Van den Broeck, Wim; Plendl, Johanna; Bahramsoltani, Mahtab; Simoens, Paul; Djonov, Valentin; Cornillie, Pieter (2012). "Intussusceptive Angiogenesis: A Biologically Relevant Form of Angiogenesis". Journal of Vascular Research. 49 (5): 390–404. doi: 10.1159/000338278 . ISSN   1018-1172. PMID   22739226.
  4. ↑ Erba, Paolo; Ogawa, Rei; Ackermann, Maximilian; Adini, Avner; Miele, Lino F.; Dastouri, Pouya; Helm, Doug; Mentzer, Steven J.; D’Amato, Robert J.; Murphy, George F.; Konerding, Moritz A.; Orgill, Dennis P. (February 2011). "Angiogenesis in Wounds Treated by Microdeformational Wound Therapy". Annals of Surgery. 253 (2): 402–409. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31820563a8. PMC   3403722 . PMID   21217515.
  5. ↑ Konerding, Moritz A.; Turhan, Aslihan; Ravnic, Dino J.; Lin, Miao; Fuchs, Christine; Secomb, Timothy W.; Tsuda, Akira; Mentzer, Steven J. (May 2010). "Inflammation-Induced Intussusceptive Angiogenesis in Murine Colitis". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 293 (5): 849–857. doi:10.1002/ar.21110. PMC   3045768 . PMID   20225210.
  6. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Tsuda, Akira; Secomb, Timothy W.; Mentzer, Steven J.; Konerding, Moritz A. (May 2013). "Intussusceptive remodeling of vascular branch angles in chemically-induced murine colitis". Microvascular Research. 87: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2013.02.002. PMC   3627825 . PMID   23485588.
  7. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Wagner, Willi L.; Rellecke, Philipp; Akhyari, Payam; Boeken, Udo; Reinecke, Petra (21 March 2020). "Parvovirus B19-induced angiogenesis in fulminant myocarditis". European Heart Journal. 41 (12): 1309. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa092 . ISSN   0195-668X. PMID   32101607.
  8. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Stark, Helge; Neubert, Lavinia; Schubert, Stephanie; Borchert, Paul; Linz, Friedemann; Wagner, Willi L.; Stiller, Wolfram; Wielpütz, Mark; Hoefer, Anne; Haverich, Axel; Mentzer, Steven J.; Shah, Harshit R.; Welte, Tobias; Kuehnel, Mark; Jonigk, Danny (March 2020). "Morphomolecular motifs of pulmonary neoangiogenesis in interstitial lung diseases". European Respiratory Journal. 55 (3): 1900933. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00933-2019 . PMID   31806721. S2CID   208742259.
  9. ↑ Ribatti, Domenico; Djonov, Valentin (March 2012). "Intussusceptive microvascular growth in tumors". Cancer Letters. 316 (2): 126–131. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.040. PMID   22197620.
  10. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Morse, Brent A.; Delventhal, Vera; Carvajal, Irvith M.; Konerding, Moritz A. (23 August 2012). "Anti-VEGFR2 and anti-IGF-1R-Adnectins inhibit Ewing's sarcoma A673-xenograft growth and normalize tumor vascular architecture". Angiogenesis. 15 (4): 685–695. doi:10.1007/s10456-012-9294-9. PMID   22914877. S2CID   55783.
  11. ↑ Nitzsche, Bianca; Rong, Wen Wei; Goede, Andrean; Hoffmann, Björn; Scarpa, Fabio; Kuebler, Wolfgang M.; Secomb, Timothy W.; Pries, Axel R. (February 2022). "Coalescent angiogenesis-evidence for a novel concept of vascular network maturation". Angiogenesis. 25 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1007/s10456-021-09824-3. ISSN   1573-7209. PMC   8669669 . PMID   34905124.
  12. ↑ Pezzella, Francesco; Kerbel, Robert S. (February 2022). "On coalescent angiogenesis and the remarkable flexibility of blood vessels". Angiogenesis. 25 (1): 1–3. doi: 10.1007/s10456-021-09825-2 . ISSN   1573-7209. PMID   34993716. S2CID   254188870.
  13. ↑ Dudley AC, Griffioen AW (April 2023). "Pathological angiogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies". Angiogenesis. 26 (3): 313–347. doi:10.1007/s10456-023-09876-7. PMC   10105163 . PMID   37060495.
  14. ↑ Ackermann, Maximilian; Verleden, Stijn E.; Kuehnel, Mark; Haverich, Axel; Welte, Tobias; Laenger, Florian; Vanstapel, Arno; Werlein, Christopher; Stark, Helge; Tzankov, Alexandar; Li, William W.; Li, Vincent W.; Mentzer, Steven J.; Jonigk, Danny (21 May 2020). "Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (2): 120–128. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015432 . PMC   7412750 . PMID   32437596.
  15. ↑ "Injury patterns in COVID-19 lungs". Panta Rhei Study Group. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
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