Ioliomics

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Ioliomics (from a portmanteau of ions and liquids) is the study of ions in liquids (or liquid phases) and stipulated with fundamental differences of ionic interactions. [1] Ioliomics covers a broad research area concerning structure, properties and applications of ions involved in various biological and chemical systems. The concept of this research discipline is related to other comprehensive research fields, such as genomics, proteomics, glycomics, petroleomics, etc., where the suffix -omics is used for describing the comprehensiveness of data. [2]

Contents

Fundamental nature

The nature of chemical reactions and their description is one of the most fundamental problems in chemistry. The concepts of covalent and ionic bonds which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century specify the profound differences between their electronic structures. These differences, in turn, lead to dramatically different behavior of covalent and ionic compounds both in the solution and solid phase. [3] In the solid phase, ionic compounds, e.g. salts, are prone to formation of crystal lattices; in polar solvents, they dissociate into ions surrounded by solvate shells, thus rendering the solution highly ionic conductive. [4] In contrast to covalent bonds, ionic interactions demonstrate flexible, dynamic behavior, which allows tuning ionic compounds to obtain desired properties.

Importance

Ionic compounds interact strongly with the solvent medium; therefore, their impact on chemical and biochemical processes involving ions can be significant. Even in the case of simplest ions and solvents, the presence of the former can lead to rearrangement and restructuring of the latter. [5] It is established that ionic reactions are involved in numerous phenomena at the scales of whole galaxies or single living cells. [6] [7] To name a few, in living cells, metal ions bind to metalloenzymes and other proteins therefore modulating their activity; [6] ions are involved in the control of neuronal functioning during sleep – wakefulness cycles; [8] anomalous activity of ion channels results in the development of various disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, [9] etc. Thus, despite the problems associated with the studies on properties and activities of ions in various chemical and biological systems, [1] this research field is among the most urgent ones.

Ion-abundant liquid media

Of special interest are ion-abundant liquid media (such as ionic liquids, molten salts, liquid electrolytes, etc.), which represent “liquid ions” with excellent tunable properties for different applications. The systems are famous for their ability to solvent-solute self-organization phenomena and are often employed in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceutical research. [1] [10] One of the most important features of ion-abundant liquid media is their huge potential to be fine-tuned. Thus, one can design an ionic liquid with virtually any combination of physicochemical or biochemical properties. [11] Research in the area of “liquid ions” is a rapidly developing scientific field, and numerous data on their properties and activities have been accumulated so far. [1] [12] Currently, the concept finds applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, analytics, fuel production, biomass processing, biotechnology, biochemistry and pharmaceutics. [1] [11] [13] [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alkali metal</span> Group of highly reactive chemical elements

The alkali metals consist of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Together with hydrogen they constitute group 1, which lies in the s-block of the periodic table. All alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital: this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties. Indeed, the alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterised homologous behaviour. This family of elements is also known as the lithium family after its leading element.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inorganic chemistry</span> Field of chemistry

Inorganic chemistry deals with synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers chemical compounds that are not carbon-based, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ionic bonding</span> Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding. Ions are atoms with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions. Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions. This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be more complex, e.g. molecular ions like NH+
4 or SO2−
4. In simpler words, an ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salt (chemistry)</span> Chemical compound involving ionic bonding

In chemistry, a salt or ionic compound is a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions), which results in a compound with no net electric charge. The constituent ions are held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solvation</span> Association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute

Solvation describes the interaction of a solvent with dissolved molecules. Both ionized and uncharged molecules interact strongly with a solvent, and the strength and nature of this interaction influence many properties of the solute, including solubility, reactivity, and color, as well as influencing the properties of the solvent such as its viscosity and density. If the attractive forces between the solvent and solute particles are greater than the attractive forces holding the solute particles together, the solvent particles pull the solute particles apart and surround them. The surrounded solute particles then move away from the solid solute and out into the solution. Ions are surrounded by a concentric shell of solvent. Solvation is the process of reorganizing solvent and solute molecules into solvation complexes and involves bond formation, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Solvation of a solute by water is called hydration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solubility</span> Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way

In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution.

Supramolecular chemistry refers to the branch of chemistry concerning chemical systems composed of a discrete number of molecules. The strength of the forces responsible for spatial organization of the system range from weak intermolecular forces, electrostatic charge, or hydrogen bonding to strong covalent bonding, provided that the electronic coupling strength remains small relative to the energy parameters of the component. While traditional chemistry concentrates on the covalent bond, supramolecular chemistry examines the weaker and reversible non-covalent interactions between molecules. These forces include hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi–pi interactions and electrostatic effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ionic liquid</span> Salt in the liquid state

An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state at ambient conditions. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose melting point is below a specific temperature, such as 100 °C (212 °F). While ordinary liquids such as water and gasoline are predominantly made of electrically neutral molecules, ionic liquids are largely made of ions. These substances are variously called liquid electrolytes, ionic melts, ionic fluids, fused salts, liquid salts, or ionic glasses.

In chemistry, an acetylide is a compound that can be viewed as the result of replacing one or both hydrogen atoms of acetylene (ethyne) HC≡CH by metallic or other cations. The term is also used, more loosely, for any compound obtained in the same way from an acetylene derivative RC≡CH, where R is some organic side chain.

In chemistry, a non-covalent interaction differs from a covalent bond in that it does not involve the sharing of electrons, but rather involves more dispersed variations of electromagnetic interactions between molecules or within a molecule. The chemical energy released in the formation of non-covalent interactions is typically on the order of 1–5 kcal/mol. Non-covalent interactions can be classified into different categories, such as electrostatic, π-effects, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects.

Deep eutectic solvents or DESs are solutions of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases which form a eutectic mixture. Deep eutectic solvents are highly tunable through varying the structure or relative ratio of parent components and thus have a wide variety of potential applications including catalytic, separation, and electrochemical processes. The parent components of deep eutectic solvents engage in a complex hydrogen bonding network which results in significant freezing point depression as compared to the parent compounds. The extent of freezing point depression observed in DESs is well illustrated by a mixture of choline chloride and urea in a 1:2 mole ratio. Choline chloride and urea are both solids at room temperature with melting points of 302 °C and 133 °C respectively, yet the combination of the two in a 1:2 molar ratio forms a liquid with a freezing point of 12 °C. DESs share similar properties to ionic liquids such as tunability and lack of flammability yet are distinct in that ionic liquids are neat salts composed exclusively of discrete ions. In contrast to ordinary solvents, such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), DESs are non-flammable, and possess low vapour pressures and toxicity.

In chemistry, a phase-transfer catalyst or PTC is a catalyst that facilitates the transition of a reactant from one phase into another phase where reaction occurs. Phase-transfer catalysis is a special form of catalysis and can act through homogeneous catalysis or heterogeneous catalysis methods depending on the catalyst used. Ionic reactants are often soluble in an aqueous phase but insoluble in an organic phase in the absence of the phase-transfer catalyst. The catalyst functions like a detergent for solubilizing the salts into the organic phase. Phase-transfer catalysis refers to the acceleration of the reaction upon the addition of the phase-transfer catalyst.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enzyme catalysis</span> Catalysis of chemical reactions by enzymes

Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a process by an "enzyme", a biological molecule. Most enzymes are proteins, and most such processes are chemical reactions. Within the enzyme, generally catalysis occurs at a localized site, called the active site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hexafluorophosphate</span> Anion with the chemical formula PF6–

Hexafluorophosphate is an anion with chemical formula of [PF6]−. It is an octahedral species that imparts no color to its salts. [PF6]− is isoelectronic with sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, and the hexafluorosilicate dianion, [SiF6]2−, and hexafluoroantimonate [SbF6]−. In this anion, phosphorus has a valence of 5. Being poorly nucleophilic, hexafluorophosphate is classified as a non-coordinating anion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metal–organic framework</span> Class of chemical substance

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous polymers consisting of metal clusters coordinated to organic ligands to form one-, two- or three-dimensional structures. The organic ligands included are sometimes referred to as "struts" or "linkers", one example being 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC).

In materials science, cocrystals are "solids that are crystalline, single-phase materials composed of two or more different molecular or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts." A broader definition is that cocrystals "consist of two or more components that form a unique crystalline structure having unique properties." Several subclassifications of cocrystals exist.

Nitrogen pentafluoride is a theoretical compound of nitrogen and fluorine with the chemical formula NF5. It is hypothesized to exist based on the existence of the pentafluorides of the atoms below nitrogen in the periodic table, such as phosphorus pentafluoride. Theoretical models of the nitrogen pentafluoride molecule are either a trigonal bipyramidal covalently bound molecule with symmetry group D3h, or [NF4]+F−, which would be an ionic solid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Welton</span>

Thomas Welton is a professor of sustainable chemistry at Imperial College London. He served as head of the department of chemistry from 2007 to 2014 and as dean of the faculty of natural sciences from 2015 to 2019. He is a Fellow and the former president of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Welton's research focuses on sustainable chemistry, with particular focus on ionic liquids and on solvent effects on chemical reactions. Welton is openly gay and is active in advocating for greater visibility for members of the LGBT community in the sciences. He is a member of the UKRI Equality, Diversity and Inclusion External Advisory Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosolvent</span>

In chemistry, cosolvents are substances added to a primary solvent in small amounts to increase the solubility of a poorly-soluble compound. Their use is most prevalent in chemical and biological research relating to pharmaceuticals and food science, where alcohols are frequently used as cosolvents in water to dissolve hydrophobic molecules during extraction, screening, and formulation. Cosolvents find applications also in environmental chemistry and are known as effective countermeasures against pollutant non-aqueous phase liquids, as well as in the production of functional energy materials and synthesis of biodiesel.

A protic ionic liquid is an ionic liquid that is formed via proton transfer from a Brønsted acid to a Brønsted base. Unlike many other types of ionic liquids, which are formed through a series of synthesis steps, protic ionic liquids are easier to create because the acid and base must simply be mixed together.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Egorova, KS; Gordeev, EG; Ananikov, VP (January 2017). "Biological Activity of Ionic Liquids and Their Application in Pharmaceutics and Medicine". Chemical Reviews. 117 (10): 7132–7189. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00562 . PMID   28125212.
  2. ↑ Kandpal, RP; Saviola, B; Felton, J (April 2009). "The era of 'omics unlimited". BioTechniques. 46 (5): 351−355. doi: 10.2144/000113137 . PMID   19480630.
  3. ↑ Lewis, GN (April 1916). "The atom and the molecule". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 38 (4): 762–785. doi:10.1021/ja02261a002.
  4. ↑ Atkins, P; de Paula, J (2006). Atkins' Physical Chemistry (8 ed.). New York: WH Freman. ISBN   9780198700722.
  5. ↑ Mancinelli, R; Botti, A; Bruni, F; Ricci, MA; Soper, AK (June 2007). "Perturbation of water structure due to monovalent ions in solution". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 9 (23): 2959–2967. doi:10.1039/b701855j. PMID   17551619.
  6. 1 2 Sigel, RK; Pyle, AM (December 2006). "Alternative roles for metal ions in enzyme catalysis and the implications for ribozyme chemistry" (PDF). Chemical Reviews. 107 (1): 97–113. doi:10.1021/cr0502605. PMID   17212472.
  7. ↑ Geppert, WD; Larsson, M (December 2013). "Experimental investigations into astrophysically relevant ionic reactions". Chemical Reviews. 113 (12): 8872–8905. doi:10.1021/cr400258m. PMID   24219419.
  8. ↑ Ding, F; O'Donnell, J; Xu, Q; Kang, N; Goldman, N; Nedergaard, M (April 2016). "Changes in the composition of brain interstitial ions control the sleep-wake cycle". Science. 352 (6285): 550–555. doi:10.1126/science.aad4821. PMC   5441687 . PMID   27126038.
  9. ↑ Zaydman, MA; Silva, JR; Cui, J (November 2012). "Ion channel associated diseases: overview of molecular mechanisms". Chemical Reviews. 112 (12): 6319–6333. doi:10.1021/cr300360k. PMC   3586387 . PMID   23151230.
  10. ↑ Hayes, R; Warr, GG; Atkin, R (July 2015). "Structure and nanostructure in ionic liquids". Chemical Reviews. 115 (13): 6357–6426. doi: 10.1021/cr500411q . PMID   26028184.
  11. 1 2 Holbrey, JD; Seddon, KR (December 1999). "Ionic liquids". Clean Products and Processes. 1 (4): 223–236. doi:10.1007/s100980050036.
  12. ↑ Deetlefs, M; Fanselow, M; Seddon, KR (January 2016). "Ionic liquids: the view from Mount Improbable". RSC Advances. 6 (6): 4280–4288. doi:10.1039/c5ra05829e.
  13. ↑ van Rantwijk, F; Sheldon, RA (June 2007). "Biocatalysis in ionic liquids". Chemical Reviews. 107 (6): 2757–2785. doi:10.1021/cr050946x. PMID   17564484.
  14. ↑ Egorova, KS; Ananikov, VP (January 2014). "Toxicity of ionic liquids: eco(cyto)activity as complicated, but unavoidable parameter for task-specific optimization". ChemSusChem. 2 (3): 336–360. doi:10.1002/cssc.201300459. PMID   24399804.
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