Iron aluminide

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Iron aluminides are intermetallic compounds of iron and aluminium - they typically contain ~18% Al or more.

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Good oxide and sulfur resistance, with strength comparable to steel alloys, and low cost of materials have made these compounds of metallurgical interest - however low ductility and issues with hydrogen embrittlement are barriers to their processing and use in structural applications.

Overview

High corrosion resistance of Iron alloys containing more than 18% aluminium was first noted in the 1930s. [1] Their tensile strength compares favorably with steels, whilst utilizing only common elements; however they have low ductility at room temperature, and strength drops off substantially over 600 °C. [1] The alloys also have good sulfide and oxidation resistance, good wear resistance, and lower density than steels. [2] Peak strength and hardness is reached at the Fe3Al stoichiometric region. [1] Although Al gives corrosion resistance via an oxide film surface, reaction (with water) may also give rise to embrittlement via hydrogen produced in the reaction between Al and H2O. [1]

Chromium (2-6%) improves room temperature ductility. In 1996, Kamey [1] said the mechanism was not fully understood, but offered a hypothesis that it could reduce hydrogen embrittlement via its ability to stabilise the FeAl phase. [1] Other explanations have included that chromium could facilitate slipping via crystal dislocations, and that it could contribute to surface passivation and prevent embrittling water reactions. [3] A disordered alloy (designated FAPY) containing ~16% Al, ~5.4% Cr plus ~0.1% Zr, C, and Y, with ~1% Mo showed much improved ductility, only dropping substantially under ~200C (cf 650C for Fe3Al); this alloy also is cold workable. [2]

Phases

Below ~18-20% (atomic) Al the aluminium exists as a solid solution in iron. Above this concentration there are FeAl (B2 phase) and Fe3Al (DO3 phase) existing in the form of caesium chloride (CsCl) and α-bismuth trifluoride (BiF3) crystal structures. [1] Above ~550 °C the Fe3Al phase is transformed in FeAl (and Fe). [3]

Above ~50% Al (atomic) Fe5Al8, FeAl2, Fe2Al5, and Fe4Al13 are also known - the Al rich phases show high brittleness. [3]

Preparation

The reaction between Al and Fe to generate iron aluminide is exothermic. Production from direct melting of Al and Fe is economical, but any water in the charge produces issues with the generation of hydrogen which shows solubility in the iron aluminide, leading to gas voids. Blowing with argon or vacuum melting alleviates this. [2]

Large grain size is greatly deleterious to ductility, especially with Fe3Al, and is encountered in cast iron aluminides. [2]

Coatings of iron aluminide can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition onto iron. [4]

Creep Resistance

The high corrosion resistance of FeAl alloys make them desirable for high temperature applications in corrosive environments. However, FeAl alloys have intrinsically low creep strength at high temperatures because of the high diffusivity of the B2 structure. [5] In order to be used as a high temperature alloy, FeAl must be treated to increase its creep resistance. The two most common methods to increase the creep resistance of FeAl are solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening. [5]

Solid solution strengthening was shown to decrease the steady state creep rate and the power law exponent of FeAl by increasing the concentration of other transition metals in a FeAl alloy. [6]  While this did increase the creep strength of the material, it is still limited by the ductility of FeAl, as the strengthened alloy fractured after just 0.3% strain.

Precipitation hardening in FeAl is commonly achieved with two different types of precipitates: oxide particles and carbides. [5] 5 nm Y based oxide particles have been shown to increase the creep resistance of FeAl at temperatures up to 800C. [7] Similarly, Ti based carbides have been shown to have high creep resistance at low stresses, consistent with the precipitation strengthening mechanism. [8] While precipitation strengthening is excellent at increasing creep resistance, the stability of the precipitates at high temperatures is a limiting factor. Carbides can be dissolved into the FeAl and oxide particles can coarsen at temperatures over 1000C. [5] As a result, FeAl alloys have not been effectively strengthened for applications that require temperatures higher than 1000C and different strategies will be needed to further increase the possible operating temperature.

Uses

Potential uses for iron alumides include : electrical heating elements, piping and other work for high temperature process including piping for coal gasification and for superheater and re-heater tubes. [1] It has also been suggested as a structural material for lunar use. [9] Thanks to the good combination of mechanical and oxidation properties, iron aluminide has been successfully used as a binder phase for tungsten carbides. [10] [11] Also, replacing Cobalt in conventional WC-Co cermets with FeAl in the Laser cladding process caused improving oxidation and wear properties. [12] [13]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tungsten carbide</span> Hard, dense and stiff chemical compound

Tungsten carbide is a chemical compound containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes through sintering for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools, chisels, abrasives, armor-piercing bullets and jewelry.

A cermet is a composite material composed of ceramic and metal materials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrogen embrittlement</span> Reduction in ductility of a metal exposed to hydrogen

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intermetallic</span> Type of metallic alloy

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embrittlement</span> Loss of ductility of a material, making it brittle

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alloy steel</span> Steel alloyed with a variety of elements

Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight, typically to improve its mechanical properties.

Nickel aluminide refers to either of two widely used intermetallic compounds, Ni3Al or NiAl, but the term is sometimes used to refer to any nickel–aluminium alloy. These alloys are widely used because of their high strength even at high temperature, low density, corrosion resistance, and ease of production. Ni3Al is of specific interest as a precipitate in nickel-based superalloys, where it is called the γ' (gamma prime) phase. It gives these alloys high strength and creep resistance up to 0.7–0.8 of its melting temperature. Meanwhile, NiAl displays excellent properties such as lower density and higher melting temperature than those of Ni3Al, and good thermal conductivity and oxidation resistance. These properties make it attractive for special high-temperature applications like coatings on blades in gas turbines and jet engines. However, both these alloys have the disadvantage of being quite brittle at room temperature, with Ni3Al remaining brittle at high temperatures as well. To address this problem, has been shown that Ni3Al can be made ductile when manufactured in single-crystal form rather than in polycrystalline form.

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κ-Carbides are a special class of carbide structures. They are most known for appearing in steels containing manganese and aluminium where they have the molecular formula (Fe,Mn)
3AlC.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 McKamey, C. G. (1996), "Iron Aluminides", Physical Metallurgy and processing of Intermetallic Compounds, pp. 351–391
  2. 1 2 3 4 Sikka, Vinod K. (1994), "Processing and Applications of Iron Aluminides", TMS Annual Meeting Proceedings Publications
  3. 1 2 3 Zamanzade, Mohammad; Barnoush, Afrooz; Motz, Christian (2016), "A Review on the Properties of Iron Aluminide Intermetallics", Crystals, 6 (10): 10, doi: 10.3390/cryst6010010 , hdl: 11250/2652934
  4. ↑ John, J.T.; Sundararaman, M.; Dubey, V.; Srinivasa, R.S. (2013), "Structural characterisation of iron aluminide coatings prepared by chemical vapour deposition", Materials Science and Technology, 29 (3): 357–363, Bibcode:2013MatST..29..357J, doi:10.1179/1743284712Y.0000000105, S2CID   136635777
  5. 1 2 3 4 Morris, David G; Muñoz-Morris, Maria A; Chao, Jesus (2004-07-01). "Development of high strength, high ductility and high creep resistant iron aluminide". Intermetallics. 12 (7): 821–826. doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2004.02.032. ISSN   0966-9795.
  6. ↑ Zhang, W. J; Sundar, R. S; Deevi, S. C (2004-07-01). "Improvement of the creep resistance of FeAl-based alloys". Intermetallics. 12 (7): 893–897. doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2004.02.020. ISSN   0966-9795.
  7. ↑ Morris, D. G.; Gutierrez-Urrutia, I.; Muñoz-Morris, M. A. (2008-07-01). "High temperature creep behaviour of an FeAl intermetallic strengthened by nanoscale oxide particles". International Journal of Plasticity. 24 (7): 1205–1223. doi:10.1016/j.ijplas.2007.09.001. ISSN   0749-6419.
  8. ↑ Sundar, R. S.; Deevi, S. C. (2003-09-25). "High-temperature strength and creep resistance of FeAl". Materials Science and Engineering: A. 357 (1): 124–133. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00261-2. ISSN   0921-5093.
  9. ↑ Landis, Geoffrey A. (2006), Materials Refining for Solar Array Production on the Moon
  10. ↑ Karimi, Hadi; Hadi, Morteza; Ebrahimzadeh, Iman; Farhang, Mohammad Reza; Sadeghi, Mohsen (2018-10-01). "High-temperature oxidation behaviour of WC-FeAl composite fabricated by spark plasma sintering". Ceramics International. 44 (14): 17147–17153. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.06.168. ISSN   0272-8842. S2CID   140057751.
  11. ↑ Karimi, Hadi; Hadi, Morteza (2020-08-01). "Effect of sintering techniques on the structure and dry sliding wear behavior of WC-FeAl composite". Ceramics International. 46 (11, Part B): 18487–18497. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.04.154. ISSN   0272-8842. S2CID   219077175.
  12. ↑ Mostajeran, Alireza; Shoja-Razavi, Reza; Hadi, Morteza; Erfanmanesh, Mohammad; Karimi, Hadi (2020-11-01). "Wear behavior of laser cladded WC-FeAl coating on 321 stainless steel substrate". Journal of Laser Applications. 32 (4): 042015. Bibcode:2020JLasA..32d2015M. doi:10.2351/7.0000219. ISSN   1042-346X. S2CID   228828665.
  13. ↑ Mostajeran, Alireza; Shoja-Razavi, Reza; Hadi, Morteza; Erfanmanesh, Mohammad; Barekat, Masoud; Savaghebi Firouzabadi, M. (2020-04-01). "Evaluation of the mechanical properties of WC-FeAl composite coating fabricated by laser cladding method". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 88: 105199. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105199. ISSN   0263-4368. S2CID   212794182.
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