Irving P. Herman

Last updated
Irving P. Herman
Born1951 (age 72–73)
CitizenshipUnited States of America
Known forLaser isotope separation

Optical diagnostics of thin films Assembly of nanocrystals

2D Materials

Contents

Scientific career
Institutions Columbia University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Academic advisors Ali Javan
Websitewww.irvingpherman.com/

Irving Philip Herman (born 1951) is an American physicist and the Edwin Howard Armstrong Professor of Applied Physics at Columbia University. He is an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society and of Optica, the former for "distinguished accomplishments in laser physics, notably the development and application of laser techniques to probe and control materials processing". [1]

Education and career

Herman studied at MIT, earning a bachelor's degree in 1972 in physics. He received his doctorate in 1977 at MIT in physics and was a Fannie and John Hertz doctoral fellow. From 1977 to 1986 he was at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where he was a section leader. He has been at Columbia University since 1986, where he is now Edwin Howard Armstrong Professor of Applied Physics. [2] [3] He was department chair of the Columbia University Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics for nine years, and director of the Columbia University National Science Foundation (NSF) Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) for 12 years and of the NSF Optics and Quantum Electronics Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) program for five years. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society and the Optical Society of America (now Optica). [2] [3]

Research

Herman has advanced several fundamental aspects and applications of laser interactions with matter, optical diagnostics of thin film processing, including by real-time monitoring, and nanoscience, along with cited (excellent) collaborators. These and his related studies have improved understanding and control of the assembly and processing of materials for semiconductor and optical devices, and the properties of these thin films, nanomaterials and nanocomponents, such as colloidal nanocrystals. This includes advancing understanding the properties of nanomaterials, [4] [5] [6] [7] and the processing, assembly, and properties of nanocrystals, [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] ultrathin van der Waals layers, [18] and hybrids of them. [19] More specifically, he used Raman scattering to analyze the phonon confinement and defects of ceria nanoparticles, [5] which have important catalytic applications, and used optical methods to determine the structure of light-emitting porous silicon [6] and of porous SiC. [7] He fabricated large supercrystals containing over a million ordered nanocrystals at spatially-selective regions on a surface by using a microfluidics technique, [8] showed how ordered monolayers of nanocrystals on surfaces form in real-time by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), [9] [10] and assembled spatially patterned thick, smooth and conformal nanocrystal films by using spatially patterned DC electric fields (electrophoretic deposition), [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] and demonstrated how film assembly and film mechanical and optical properties are guided by the coverage of the nanocrystals by ligands; [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] He also used AC field gradients to precisely place carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at electrodes (dielectrophoretic deposition). [20]

He advanced laser-assisted deposition and processing, and the real-time optical diagnostics of thin film processing, including that of surfaces during plasma etching by using laser thermal desorption of surface adsorbates, then detected by plasma-induced emission (PIE) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) [21] [22] and by combined or independent use real-time Raman microprobe scattering, direct laser writing and laser heating. [23] [24] [25] The theme of many of these and his related studies are advanced semiconductor nanomaterials and heterostructures under unusual conditions, such as at high temperature, as caused by either laser heating [23] [24] [25] or heating in ovens, [18] [26] or high or uncertain degrees of strain and strain, [13] [27] which might lead to fracture, [11] [12] as a result of laser heating, electrophoretic deposition, [13] [14] [15] film adhesion during fabrication, [27] or applied hydrostatic pressure. [16] [27] [28] His studies of semiconductor and nanomaterial structures at high pressure used optical diagnostics to probe changes in epilayer strain and nanocrystal interactions in films. [16] [27] [28] Earlier, he achieved ultrahigh single-step selectivity in the laser isotope separation of deuterium and tritium, to help the production and cleaning of heavy water for fission reactors. [29] [30] Even earlier, he was part of the team that first observed Dicke superradiance. [31]

Herman has written three books ''Optical Diagnostics for Thin Film Processing'' is a comprehensive monograph. [32] ''Physics of the Human Body'' [33] is a text book on the physics and math of human physiology aimed for undergraduate, deriving from a class he developed for first-year undergraduates.''Coming Home to Math: Become Comfortable With The Numbers That Rule Your Life'' [34] is a semi-popular book designed to make adults more at ease using math and quantitative thinking. He developed a series of interactive graduate-level seminars on Research and Professional Ethics, [3] [35] along with a set of ethics mini-case scenarios based on these seminars. [3] [36]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plasmon</span> Quasiparticle of charge oscillations in condensed matter

In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. Just as light consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations. Thus, plasmons are collective oscillations of the free electron gas density. For example, at optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create another quasiparticle called a plasmon polariton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantum dot</span> Zero-dimensional, nano-scale semiconductor particles with novel optical and electronic properties

Quantum dots (QDs) or semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles via quantum mechanical effects. They are a central topic in nanotechnology and materials science. When a quantum dot is illuminated by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. In the case of a semiconducting quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conductance band. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy as light. This light emission (photoluminescence) is illustrated in the figure on the right. The color of that light depends on the energy difference between the conductance band and the valence band, or the transition between discrete energy states when the band structure is no longer well-defined in QDs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadmium selenide</span> Chemical compound

Cadmium selenide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdSe. It is a black to red-black solid that is classified as a II-VI semiconductor of the n-type. It is a pigment, but applications are declining because of environmental concerns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Self-focusing</span>

Self-focusing is a non-linear optical process induced by the change in refractive index of materials exposed to intense electromagnetic radiation. A medium whose refractive index increases with the electric field intensity acts as a focusing lens for an electromagnetic wave characterized by an initial transverse intensity gradient, as in a laser beam. The peak intensity of the self-focused region keeps increasing as the wave travels through the medium, until defocusing effects or medium damage interrupt this process. Self-focusing of light was discovered by Gurgen Askaryan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gallium(II) selenide</span> Chemical compound

Gallium(II) selenide (GaSe) is a chemical compound. It has a hexagonal layer structure, similar to that of GaS. It is a photoconductor, a second harmonic generation crystal in nonlinear optics, and has been used as a far-infrared conversion material at 14–31 THz and above.

Discovered only as recently as 2006 by C.D. Stanciu and F. Hansteen and published in Physical Review Letters, this effect is generally called all-optical magnetization reversal. This magnetization reversal technique refers to a method of reversing magnetization in a magnet simply by circularly polarized light and where the magnetization direction is controlled by the light helicity. In particular, the direction of the angular momentum of the photons would set the magnetization direction without the need of an external magnetic field. In fact, this process could be seen as similar to magnetization reversal by spin injection. The only difference is that now, the angular momentum is supplied by the circularly polarized photons instead of the polarized electrons.

In magnetism, a nanomagnet is a nanoscopic scale system that presents spontaneous magnetic order (magnetization) at zero applied magnetic field (remanence).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicene</span> Two-dimensional allotrope of silicon

Silicene is a two-dimensional allotrope of silicon, with a hexagonal honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene. Contrary to graphene, silicene is not flat, but has a periodically buckled topology; the coupling between layers in silicene is much stronger than in multilayered graphene; and the oxidized form of silicene, 2D silica, has a very different chemical structure from graphene oxide.

The technique of vibrational analysis with scanning probe microscopy allows probing vibrational properties of materials at the submicrometer scale, and even of individual molecules. This is accomplished by integrating scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and vibrational spectroscopy. This combination allows for much higher spatial resolution than can be achieved with conventional Raman/FTIR instrumentation. The technique is also nondestructive, requires non-extensive sample preparation, and provides more contrast such as intensity contrast, polarization contrast and wavelength contrast, as well as providing specific chemical information and topography images simultaneously.

Blinking colloidal nanocrystals is a phenomenon observed during studies of single colloidal nanocrystals that show that they randomly turn their photoluminescence on and off even under continuous light illumination. This has also been described as luminescence intermittency. Similar behavior has been observed in crystals made of other materials. For example, porous silicon also exhibits this affect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Localized surface plasmon</span>

A localized surface plasmon (LSP) is the result of the confinement of a surface plasmon in a nanoparticle of size comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of light used to excite the plasmon. When a small spherical metallic nanoparticle is irradiated by light, the oscillating electric field causes the conduction electrons to oscillate coherently. When the electron cloud is displaced relative to its original position, a restoring force arises from Coulombic attraction between electrons and nuclei. This force causes the electron cloud to oscillate. The oscillation frequency is determined by the density of electrons, the effective electron mass, and the size and shape of the charge distribution. The LSP has two important effects: electric fields near the particle's surface are greatly enhanced and the particle's optical absorption has a maximum at the plasmon resonant frequency. Surface plasmon resonance can also be tuned based on the shape of the nanoparticle. The plasmon frequency can be related to the metal dielectric constant. The enhancement falls off quickly with distance from the surface and, for noble metal nanoparticles, the resonance occurs at visible wavelengths. Localized surface plasmon resonance creates brilliant colors in metal colloidal solutions.

Photonic molecules are a form of matter in which photons bind together to form "molecules". They were first predicted in 2007. Photonic molecules are formed when individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass". In an alternative definition, photons confined to two or more coupled optical cavities also reproduce the physics of interacting atomic energy levels, and have been termed as photonic molecules.

Richard Magee Osgood Jr. was an American applied and pure physicist. He was Higgins Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics at Columbia University.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyper–Rayleigh scattering</span> Optical phenomenon

Hyper–Rayleigh scattering optical activity, a form of chiroptical harmonic scattering, is a nonlinear optical physical effect whereby chiral scatterers convert light to higher frequencies via harmonic generation processes, in a way that the intensity of generated light depends on the chirality of the scatterers. "Hyper–Rayleigh scattering" is a nonlinear optical counterpart to Rayleigh scattering. "Optical activity" refers to any changes in light properties that are due to chirality.

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References

  1. ↑ "APS Fellows Archive". American Physical Society. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Irving P. Herman". Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics. 2017-06-07. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "The Herman Group - Nanomaterials Physics & Laser Spectroscopy". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  4. ↑ Spanier, Jonathan E.; Robinson, Richard D.; Zhang, Feng; Chan, Siu-Wai; Herman, Irving P. (2001-11-29). "Size-dependent properties of CeO 2 − y nanoparticles as studied by Raman scattering". Physical Review B. 64 (24): 245407. Bibcode:2001PhRvB..64x5407S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.64.245407. ISSN   0163-1829.
  5. 1 2 Lee, Youjin; He, Guanghui; Akey, Austin J.; Si, Rui; Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Maria; Herman, Irving P. (2011-08-24). "Raman Analysis of Mode Softening in Nanoparticle CeO2−δ and Au-CeO2−δ during CO Oxidation". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (33): 12952–12955. doi:10.1021/ja204479j. ISSN   0002-7863. PMID   21780802.
  6. 1 2 Sui, Zhifeng; Leong, Patrick P.; Herman, Irving P.; Higashi, Gregg S.; Temkin, Henryk (1992-04-27). "Raman analysis of light-emitting porous silicon". Applied Physics Letters. 60 (17): 2086–2088. Bibcode:1992ApPhL..60.2086S. doi:10.1063/1.107097. ISSN   0003-6951.
  7. 1 2 Spanier, Jonathan E.; Herman, Irving P. (2000-04-15). "Use of hybrid phenomenological and statistical effective-medium theories of dielectric functions to model the infrared reflectance of porous SiC films". Physical Review B. 61 (15): 10437–10450. Bibcode:2000PhRvB..6110437S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.10437.
  8. 1 2 Akey, Austin; Lu, Chenguang; Yang, Lin; Herman, Irving P. (2010-04-14). "Formation of Thick, Large-Area Nanoparticle Superlattices in Lithographically Defined Geometries". Nano Letters. 10 (4): 1517–1521. Bibcode:2010NanoL..10.1517A. doi:10.1021/nl100129t. ISSN   1530-6984. PMID   20356099.
  9. 1 2 Lu, Chenguang; Akey, Austin J.; Dahlman, Clayton J.; Zhang, Datong; Herman, Irving P. (2012-11-14). "Resolving the Growth of 3D Colloidal Nanoparticle Superlattices by Real-Time Small-Angle X-ray Scattering". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134 (45): 18732–18738. doi:10.1021/ja307848h. ISSN   0002-7863. PMID   23034055.
  10. 1 2 Hu, Jiayang; Spotte-Smith, Evan W. C.; Pan, Brady; Garcia, Roy J.; Colosqui, Carlos; Herman, Irving P. (2020-10-29). "Spatiotemporal Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Monolayer Formation at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces by Using In Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 124 (43): 23949–23963. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07024. ISSN   1932-7447. S2CID   224925482.
  11. 1 2 3 Islam, Mohammad A.; Herman, Irving P. (2002-05-20). "Electrodeposition of patterned CdSe nanocrystal films using thermally charged nanocrystals". Applied Physics Letters. 80 (20): 3823–3825. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..80.3823I. doi:10.1063/1.1480878. ISSN   0003-6951.
  12. 1 2 3 Islam, Mohammad A.; Xia, Yuqi; Telesca, Donald A.; Steigerwald, Michael L.; Herman, Irving P. (2004-01-01). "Controlled Electrophoretic Deposition of Smooth and Robust Films of CdSe Nanocrystals". Chemistry of Materials. 16 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1021/cm0304243. ISSN   0897-4756.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Lee, Dongyun; Jia, Shengguo; Banerjee, Sarbajit; Bevk, Joze; Herman, Irving P.; Kysar, Jeffrey W. (2007-01-09). "Viscoplastic and Granular Behavior in Films of Colloidal Nanocrystals". Physical Review Letters. 98 (2): 026103. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98b6103L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.026103. ISSN   0031-9007. PMID   17358622.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Banerjee, Sarbajit; Jia, Shengguo; Kim, Dae I.; Robinson, Richard D.; Kysar, Jeffrey W.; Bevk, Joze; Herman, Irving P. (2006-02-01). "Raman Microprobe Analysis of Elastic Strain and Fracture in Electrophoretically Deposited CdSe Nanocrystal Films". Nano Letters. 6 (2): 175–180. Bibcode:2006NanoL...6..175B. doi:10.1021/nl051921g. ISSN   1530-6984. PMID   16464030.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Jia, Shengguo; Banerjee, Sarbajit; Lee, Dongyun; Bevk, Joze; Kysar, Jeffrey W.; Herman, Irving P. (2009-05-15). "Fracture in electrophoretically deposited CdSe nanocrystal films". Journal of Applied Physics. 105 (10): 103513–103513–9. Bibcode:2009JAP...105j3513J. doi: 10.1063/1.3118630 . ISSN   0021-8979.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Kim, Bosang S.; Islam, Mohammad A.; Brus, Louis E.; Herman, Irving P. (2001-06-15). "Interdot interactions and band gap changes in CdSe nanocrystal arrays at elevated pressure". Journal of Applied Physics. 89 (12): 8127–8140. Bibcode:2001JAP....89.8127K. doi:10.1063/1.1369405. ISSN   0021-8979.
  17. 1 2 Wang, Wei; Banerjee, Sarbajit; Jia, Shengguo; Steigerwald, Michael L.; Herman, Irving P. (2007-05-01). "Ligand Control of Growth, Morphology, and Capping Structure of Colloidal CdSe Nanorods". Chemistry of Materials. 19 (10): 2573–2580. doi:10.1021/cm0705791. ISSN   0897-4756.
  18. 1 2 Hua, Xiang; Axenie, Theodor; Goldaraz, Mateo Navarro; Kang, Kyungnam; Yang, Eui-Hyeok; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Hone, James; Kim, Bumho; Herman, Irving P. (2022-01-12). "Improving the Optical Quality of MoSe 2 and WS 2 Monolayers with Complete h -BN Encapsulation by High-Temperature Annealing". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 14 (1): 2255–2262. doi:10.1021/acsami.1c18991. ISSN   1944-8244. PMID   34969239. S2CID   245593583.
  19. ↑ Lu, Chenguang; Zhang, Datong; Zande, Arend van der; Kim, Philip; Herman, Irving P. (2014). "Electronic transport in nanoparticle monolayers sandwiched between graphene electrodes". Nanoscale. 6 (23): 14158–14162. Bibcode:2014Nanos...614158L. doi:10.1039/C4NR04875J. ISSN   2040-3364. PMID   25319544.
  20. ↑ Banerjee, Sarbajit; White, Brian E.; Huang, Limin; Rego, Blake J.; O’Brien, Stephen; Herman, Irving P. (2006). "Precise positioning of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ac dielectrophoresis". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures. 24 (6): 3173. Bibcode:2006JVSTB..24.3173B. doi:10.1116/1.2387155.
  21. ↑ Herman, I. P.; Donnelly, V. M.; Guinn, K. V.; Cheng, C. C. (1994-04-25). "Laser-induced thermal desorption as an in situ surface probe during plasma processing". Physical Review Letters. 72 (17): 2801–2804. Bibcode:1994PhRvL..72.2801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.2801. ISSN   0031-9007. PMID   10055980. S2CID   10544869.
  22. ↑ Cheng, C. C.; Guinn, K. V.; Donnelly, V. M.; Herman, I. P. (September 1994). "In situ pulsed laser-induced thermal desorption studies of the silicon chloride surface layer during silicon etching in high density plasmas of Cl 2 and Cl 2 /O 2 mixtures". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. 12 (5): 2630–2640. Bibcode:1994JVSTA..12.2630C. doi:10.1116/1.579082. ISSN   0734-2101.
  23. 1 2 Magnotta, Frank; Herman, Irving P. (1986-01-13). "Raman microprobe analysis during the direct laser writing of silicon microstructures". Applied Physics Letters. 48 (2): 195–197. Bibcode:1986ApPhL..48..195M. doi:10.1063/1.96941. ISSN   0003-6951.
  24. 1 2 Pazionis, G.D.; Tang, H.; Herman, I.P. (May 1989). "Raman microprobe analysis of temperature profiles in CW laser heated silicon microstructures". IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 25 (5): 976–988. Bibcode:1989IJQE...25..976P. doi:10.1109/3.27988.
  25. 1 2 Tang, Hua; Herman, Irving P. (1991-01-15). "Raman microprobe scattering of solid silicon and germanium at the melting temperature". Physical Review B. 43 (3): 2299–2304. Bibcode:1991PhRvB..43.2299T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.43.2299. ISSN   0163-1829. PMID   9997505.
  26. ↑ Sui, Zhifeng; Herman, Irving P. (1993-12-15). "Effect of strain on phonons in Si, Ge, and Si/Ge heterostructures". Physical Review B. 48 (24): 17938–17953. Bibcode:1993PhRvB..4817938S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.48.17938. ISSN   0163-1829. PMID   10008430.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Tuchman, Judah A.; Kim, Sangsig; Sui, Zhifeng; Herman, Irving P. (1992-11-15). "Exciton photoluminescence in strained and unstrained ZnSe under hydrostatic pressure". Physical Review B. 46 (20): 13371–13378. Bibcode:1992PhRvB..4613371T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.46.13371. ISSN   0163-1829. PMID   10003384.
  28. 1 2 Sui, Zhifeng; Burke, Hubert H.; Herman, Irving P. (1993-07-15). "Raman scattering in germanium-silicon alloys under hydrostatic pressure". Physical Review B. 48 (4): 2162–2168. Bibcode:1993PhRvB..48.2162S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.48.2162. ISSN   0163-1829. PMID   10008607.
  29. ↑ Herman, Irving P.; Marling, Jack B. (January 1980). "Ultrahigh single-step deuterium enrichment in CO 2 laser photolysis of trifluoromethane as measured by carbon–isotope labeling". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 72 (1): 516–523. Bibcode:1980JChPh..72..516H. doi: 10.1063/1.438936 . ISSN   0021-9606.
  30. ↑ Magnotta, Frank; Herman, Irving P. (September 1984). "Infrared laser multiple-photon dissociation of CTCl 3 : Wavelength dependence, collisional effects, and tritium/deuterium isotope selectivity". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 81 (5): 2363–2374. Bibcode:1984JChPh..81.2363M. doi: 10.1063/1.447936 . ISSN   0021-9606.
  31. ↑ Skribanowitz, N.; Herman, I. P.; MacGillivray, J. C.; Feld, M. S. (1973-02-19). "Observation of Dicke Superradiance in Optically Pumped HF Gas". Physical Review Letters. 30 (8): 309–312. Bibcode:1973PhRvL..30..309S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.309. ISSN   0031-9007.
  32. ↑ Herman, Irving P. (1996). Optical diagnostics for thin film processing. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN   0-12-342070-9. OCLC   32508558.
  33. ↑ Herman, Irving P. (2016). Physics of the human body (2nd ed.). Cham. ISBN   978-3-319-23932-3. OCLC   934454579.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ↑ Herman, Irving P. (2020). Coming home to math : become comfortable with the numbers that rule your life. New Jersey. ISBN   978-981-12-0984-0. OCLC   1111780713.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  35. ↑ Herman, Irving P. (January 2007). "Following the law". Nature. 445 (7124): 228. doi: 10.1038/nj7124-228a . ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   17243210.
  36. ↑ "Irving P. Herman's Personal Website | Personal musings, insights, and opinions" . Retrieved 2022-03-19.
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