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Chile,officially the Republic of Chile,is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica,stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of 756,102 square kilometers (291,933 sq mi) and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017,Chile shares borders with Peru to the north,Bolivia to the northeast,Argentina to the east,and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands,including Juan Fernández,Isla Salas y Gómez,Desventuradas,and Easter Island,and claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago,and the national language is Spanish.
The Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile of 1980 is the fundamental law in force in Chile. It was approved and promulgated under the military dictatorship headed by Augusto Pinochet,being ratified by the Chilean citizenry through a referendum on September 11,1980,although being held under restrictions and without electoral registers. While 69% of the population was reported to have voted yes,the vote was questioned by hundreds of denunciations of irregularities and fraud. The constitutional text took effect,in a transitory regime,on March 11,1981,and then entered into full force on March 11,1990,with the return to electoral democracy. It was amended for the first time in 1989,and afterward in 1991,1994,1997,each year from 1999 to 2001,2003,each year from 2007 to 2015,and each year from 2017 to 2021,with the last three amendments concerning the constituent process of 2020–2022. In September 2005,under Ricardo Lagos's presidency,a large amendment of the Constitution was approved by parliamentarians,removing from the text some of the less democratic dispositions coming from Pinochet's regime,such as senators-for-life and appointed senators,as well as the armed forces' warranty of the democratic regime.
The War of the Pacific,also known as the Nitrate War and by multiple other names,was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Chilean claims on coastal Bolivian territory in the Atacama Desert,the war ended with victory for Chile,which gained a significant amount of resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia.
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a military overthrow of the Popular Unity government in Chile led by the democratic socialist Salvador Allende as president of Chile. Allende,who has been described as the first Marxist to be democratically elected president in a Latin American liberal democracy,faced significant social unrest,political tension with the opposition-controlled National Congress of Chile,and economic warfare ordered by United States president Richard Nixon. On 11 September 1973,a group of military officers,led by General Augusto Pinochet,seized power in a coup,ending civilian rule.
The Treaty of Ancón was a peace treaty signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883,in Ancón,near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the War of the Pacific and to stabilise post-bellum relations between them.
Peñalolén is a Chilean commune in Santiago Province,Santiago Metropolitan Region. It was founded on 15 November 1984.
A constitutional referendum was held in Chile on 11 September 1980. The proposed new constitution would replace the 1925 constitution,and was approved by over two-thirds of voters.
Gabriel Guerra-Mondragón was the United States Ambassador to Chile from 1994-1998. Nominated by President Bill Clinton in July 1994,and was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 4 of that year. He was administered the oath of office by Vice President Albert Gore on October 25,1994 and arrived in Santiago on November 8,1994 to present his credentials to Chilean President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle.
The President of Chile,officially known as the President of the Republic of Chile,is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Chile. The president is responsible for both government administration and state administration. Although its role and significance have changed over time,and its position and relations with other actors in the national political organization have also evolved,it remains one of the most prominent political offices in the country. It is also considered one of the key institutions that form the "Historic Constitution of Chile," and is crucial to the country's political stability.
Indigenous peoples in Chile or Native Chileans form about 13% of the total population of Chile. According to the 2017 census,almost 2,200,000 people declare having indigenous origins. Most Chileans are of partially indigenous descent;however,indigenous identification and its legal ramifications are typically reserved to those who self-identify with and are accepted within one or more indigenous groups.
The Battle of Tacna,also known as the Battle of the Peak of the Alliance,effectively destroyed the Peru-Bolivian alliance against Chile,forged by a secret treaty signed in 1873. On May 26,1880,the Chilean Northern Operations Army led by General Manuel Baquedano González,conclusively defeated the combined armies of Peru and Bolivia commanded by Bolivian President,General Narciso Campero. The battle took place at the Inti Urqu (Intiorko) hill plateau,a few miles north of the Peruvian city of Tacna. As a result,Bolivia was knocked out of the war,leaving Peru to fight the rest of the war alone. Also,this victory consolidated the Chilean domain over the TarapacáDepartment. The territory was definitively annexed to Chile after the signing of the Tratado de Ancón,in 1884,which ended the war. Tacna itself remained under Chilean control until 1929.
The Mayor of Ponce is the head of government of Ponce,Puerto Rico. The current mayor is Luis Irizarry Pabón.
Guerra a muerte is a term coined by Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna and used in Chilean historiography to describe the irregular,no-quarter warfare that broke out in 1819 during the Chilean War of Independence.
The 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état took place in Uruguay on 27 June 1973 and marked the beginning of the civic-military dictatorship which lasted until 1985.
Pedro JoséDomingo de Guerra was a Bolivian jurist who served as the acting President of Bolivia in 1879 in the absence of Hilarión Daza who was personally commanding the Bolivian Army in the War of the Pacific between Chile,and an allied Bolivia and Peru. His grandson,JoséGutiérrez Guerra,was also president of Bolivia between 1917 and 1920.
The Constitutional Convention was the constituent body of the Republic of Chile in charge of drafting a new Political Constitution of the Republic after the approval of the national plebiscite held in October 2020. Its creation and regulation were carried out through Law No. 21,200,published on 24 December 2019,which amended the Political Constitution of the Republic to include the process of drafting a new constitution. The body met for the first time on 4 July 2021. Chilean President Sebastian Piñera said,"This Constitutional Convention must,within a period of 9 months,extendable for an additional 3 months,draft and approve a new constitution for Chile,which must be ratified by the citizens through a plebiscite." It ended its functions and declared itself dissolved on 4 July 2022.
Marisol Peña Torres is a Chilean jurist and educator.
This national electoral calendar for 2023 lists the national/federal elections held in 2023 in all sovereign states and their dependent territories. By-elections are excluded,though national referendums are included.
Constitutional Council elections were held in Chile on 7 May 2023. Voting was compulsory,and resulted in an electoral victory for right-wing parties,passing the threshold of a three-fifths majority of constitutional council members to freely draft a new constitution,removing the veto option from left-wing members. This marked a sharp shift from a left-wing majority that freely drafted a rejected first constitutional rewrite in 2021 and was described as a political loss for President Gabriel Boric.
References
- ↑ "Ivón Guerra, consejera electa (UDI): Si la izquierda insiste en el Consejo con la paridad, voy a decir que es antidemocrática". La Tercera. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
