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Arctic exploration is the physical exploration of the Arctic region of the Earth. It refers to the historical period during which mankind has explored the region north of the Arctic Circle. Historical records suggest that humankind have explored the northern extremes since 325 BC, when the ancient Greek sailor Pytheas reached a frozen sea while attempting to find a source of the metal tin. Dangerous oceans and poor weather conditions often fetter explorers attempting to reach polar regions, and journeying through these perils by sight, boat, and foot has proven difficult.
Edward Bonaventure was an English ship under the command of Richard Chancellor that was forced to seek shelter in 1553 on the north coast of Russia near Nyonoksa due to weather conditions, leading to its crew coming into contact with the court of Ivan the Terrible, the forming of the Muscovy Company, and diplomatic contacts between Elizabeth I of England and Ivan of Russia.
References
- ↑ "Hachette", Hachette/, Hachette UK, archived from the original on 18 September 2017, retrieved 17 July 2017
- ↑ "IBTauris", ibtauris.com, IBTauris, retrieved 17 July 2017
- ↑ Milton, Giles (November 2013). "Route to Riches". Literary Review . Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ Finlayson, Ian (28 September 2013). "Merchant Adventurers". The Times . Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ "On the Trail of the Merchant Adventurers". The Mary Rose. 11 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ↑ Evans, James (2014). Tudor Adventurers: An Arctic Voyage of Discovery: The Hunt for the Northeast Passage. Pegasus Books. p. 383. ISBN 978-1-60598-611-1.
- ↑ Gulliver, Katerina (8 July 2017). "How the Puritans, not the Pilgrims, colonised America". The Spectator . Retrieved 17 July 2017.
- ↑ Smith-Laing, Tim (29 July 2017). "What made 17th-century England so unbearable that thousands risked the voyage to America?". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ↑ Lyons, Mathew (21 July 2017). "Emigrants by James Evans — hope against hope?". Financial Times . Retrieved 9 August 2017.
