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The Mariavite Church is today one of two independent Christian churches collectively known as Mariavites who first emerged from the religious inspiration of Polish noblewoman and nun, Feliksa Kozłowska (1862-1921) in the late 19th-century. Initially, it was a renewal movement seeking reform in Polish Catholicism. The movement was an attempt to replicate the simplicity of the life of Mary, in Latin, qui Mariae vitam imitantur,, thus vita Mariae, the Life of Mary, gave the movement its name.
Górnik Zabrze Spółka Akcyjna, commonly referred to as Górnik Zabrze S.A. or simply Górnik Zabrze, is a Polish football club from Zabrze. Górnik is one of the most successful Polish football clubs in history, winning the second-most Polish Championship titles together with Ruch Chorzów. The club was a dominant force in the 1960s and 1980s. Górnik holds the record for winning the most consecutive Polish Championship titles (5) and Polish Cup titles (5). In addition, the club was 1969–70 Cup Winners' Cup runners-up.
GKS Katowice is a Polish football club based in Katowice, Poland. The club currently plays in the I liga.
RTS Widzew Łódź is a Polish football club based in Łódź. The club was founded in 1910. Its official colours are red and white, hence their nicknames Czerwona Armia and Czerwono-biało-czerwoni (Red-white-reds).
TS Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała is a football club based in Bielsko-Biała, Poland. They currently compete in the I liga, the second tier of Polish football.
Wrocławski Klub Sportowy Śląsk Wrocław Spółka Akcyjna, commonly known as WKS Śląsk Wrocław, Śląsk Wrocław or simply Śląsk, is a Polish football club based in Wrocław that plays in Ekstraklasa, the highest level of the Polish football league system. The club was founded in 1947 and has competed under many names since then; adopting the name Śląsk Wrocław ten years after their foundation. In 1977, Śląsk Wrocław won the Polish league championship for the first time. The club has also won the Polish Cup twice, the Polish Super Cup twice and the Ekstraklasa Cup once. The club's home is Stadion Wrocław, a 45,105 capacity stadium in Wrocław which was one of the host venues during UEFA Euro 2012. Club previously played at Olympic Stadium and Stadion Oporowska.
Kowalski is the second most common surname in Poland. Kowalski surname is derived from the word kowal, meaning "[black]smith".
Kowalczyk is the fifth most common surname in Poland. The name comes from the word "blacksmith".
Polish names have two main elements: the given name, and the surname. The usage of personal names in Poland is generally governed by civil law, church law, personal taste and family custom.
Kowalewski is a Polish surname. It may refer to:
Jan Kowalski, later known as Maria Michał Kowalski, was a Polish Roman Catholic diocesan priest who became a schismatic religious leader and controversial innovator. Following excommunication from his church, he was consecrated as a bishop in the Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht, established the Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites in Poland, rose to be its archbishop and died a martyr. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Mariavite Church.
Jan Kowalski is a Polish-language term for "Average Joe". It is also a plausible name, and notable people with this name include:
Code Name: Wild Geese is a 1984 West German-Italian Euro War film directed by Antonio Margheriti and starring Lewis Collins in the first of their three mercenary war films. Despite the films title, Code Name: Wild Geese is not the sequel to The Wild Geese film, but a derivative film. Kim Newman described the film as closer to the director's films such as The Last Hunter and Cannibal Apocalypse.
Walter Kowalski, known professionally as Killer Kowalski, was a Polish-Canadian professional wrestler.
Józef Kowalski was a Polish Roman Catholic priest from the Salesian Society murdered at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. He was beatified in Warsaw on 13 June 1999.
Stan Kowalski was an American professional wrestler who was one half of the tag team Murder Incorporated with partner Tiny Mills in the American Wrestling Association (AWA) from 1960 to 1975.
Stary Ciepielów and Rekówka massacre was a Nazi war crime perpetrated by the German Gendarmerie in the villages of Stary Ciepielów and Rekówka within occupied Poland. On December 6, 1942, thirty-one Poles, including women and children, from the families of Kowalski, Kosior, Obuchiewicz and Skoczylas, were murdered for helping Jews. Among the victims were two Jewish refugees. The Stary Ciepielów and Rekówka massacre was one of the most severe crimes inflicted by Nazi-German occupants towards Poles who had helped Jews.
In Polish culture, Jan Kowalski is a placeholder name for an average Polish person, the meaning being similar to "Average Joe".
Paweł Kowalski was a Polish footballer. He played in four matches for the Poland national football team in 1967.
References
- ↑ Jan Kowalski at National-Football-Teams.com
- ↑ Footballdatabase
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