Jeanne Bohec

Last updated
Jeanne Bohec
Jeanne Bohec 01.jpg
Jeanne Bohec, circa 1940
Born16 February 1919
Tourlaville, Normandy
Died11 January 2010(2010-01-11) (aged 90)
Paris
Resting placePlestin-les-Grèves
Occupation(s)Explosives expert, resistance fighter, math teacher
Known forSabotage in occupied France

Jeanne Bohec (born 16 February 1919 in Tourlaville in Normandy; died 11 January 2010) was a French Resistance fighter.

Contents

After enlisting in the Women's Volunteer Corps of the Free French Forces, she joined the Central Intelligence and Action Bureau and learned sabotage techniques. She parachuted into occupied France in February 1944 and then conducted her work in the resistance by criss-crossing Brittany by bicycle; hence, her nickname “the bomber on a bicycle”. She trained teams of saboteurs, organized and took part in several sabotage operations and participated in the liberation of France.

After the war, she became a professor of mathematics and deputy mayor of the 18th arrondissement of Paris. She wrote a book describing her involvement in the Resistance: La Plastiqueuse à bicyclette (The Bomber on a Bicycle).

On 10 April 1975 Jacques Chaban-Delmas stated: "At a time when the equivalence between women and men is the subject of many speeches or is the subject of many measures, Jeanne Bohec provides striking proof that women are quite capable of attaining a degree of courage, determination and efficiency accessible to few men." [1]

Early life

Jeanne Bohec was born in 1919 in Tourlaville in Normandy. [2] The daughter of a navy sailor, she moved many times during her childhood. With her family, she settled successively in the port cities of Cherbourg, Brest, Toulon and Rochefort. At the age of 10, she settled permanently in Angers where her father had just obtained a job after retiring from the French navy. It was there that Bohec began studying mathematics and sciences in 1939. [2] She passed her baccalaureate in Angers just as World War II started. [3]

Nazi invasion and occupation

Brest

In March 1940, she accepted a job offer to be a chemist's assistant at the Moulin-Blanc explosives factory in Brest. This job did not last long. [2] On 10 May 1940 the Nazi invasion of Belgium began, followed by the Wehrmacht's rapid incursion into France. The blitzkrieg was launched. The lab Bohec was working for was moved to a tunnel in order to escape the bombings. [4] At the beginning of June 1940, defeatist attitudes were gaining ground. To a colleague who asserted that the Germans could no longer be stopped, Bohec replied: “I will not stay here to work with them, I will go to England. I will find a boat”. [5]

Departure for Great Britain

According to Bohec's memoire, “18 June 1940 began like any other day.” [5] Then, hours before the expected arrival of the first Germans in the city of Brest, the employees of the explosives factory where she worked were ordered to leave. Bohec returned to her home and decided to flee to Great Britain.

She hurried to the port of Brest, where she discovered the Abeille 4, a tugboat, preparing to leave for England. According to her memoir, “A few minutes later, we weighed anchor. On board were five or six crewmen with two or three of their wives, and a family of four accompanied by their dog”. [5] It was 7 p.m. and the following day the Germans occupied the city of Brest.

The Abeille 4 dropped anchor in the port of Plymouth, where its passengers had to wait two days before being allowed to land. On 21 June their disembarkation was authorized and double-decker buses transported them to a sorting center. A few hours later, Bohec took the train to London, along with other refugees. [5]

London

The group was housed in a school in the London suburbs, the L.C.C Anerly school. After verification that she was not a spy, Bohec was placed as a paid companion (damede compagnie) in an English family. This domestic position did not suit her; she wanted to join the fight to liberate occupied France. [6]

Bohec joined the Women's Volunteer Corps of the Free French Forces in January 1941. She worked first as a secretary to the technical and armament office at Carlton Gardens. [3] Then, from the spring of 1942, she put her professional experience as a chemist to use by joining an explosives laboratory that studied how to manufacture explosives from products that could be bought in drugstores or pharmacies in France. [6]

A year later, in August 1943, Henri Frenay intervened on her behalf, allowing her to join the Central Intelligence and Action Bureau (BCRA). There, she was given training to become an instructor in the handling of explosives during sabotage operations. [2]

Parachuting into occupied France

On the night of 29 February 1944 Bohec (alias "Rateau" and later "Micheline") boarded a Halifax of RAF No. 138 Squadron and jumped onto the clandestine airfield "Ouragan", near Assé-le -Boisne, in the Alençon region. [7] She was one of a total of five women parachuted into France. She was received there by Jean-François Clouët des Pesruches (alias "Galilée"), head of the Air Operations Office for the western region. He had been informed of her arrival by a broadcast message from Radio London; "The coiling boa will bring you a little one". [6] An account stated that soldiers mistook her for a child when she landed. [8]

On 8 March Cohec got off a train at Questembert station in the Morbihan. Her mission was clear: she was to provide training in the handling of explosives to the resistance fighters who were to enter into action after the launch of so-called 'Green Plan'. The 'Green Plan' called on the Resistance to sabotage railway tracks and communications during and after the D-Day landing in order to hinder Germans troop movements to Normandy. [9]

For several weeks, Bohec criss-crossed the French countryside on a bicycle arousing little suspicion among the Occupation forces. [10] In addition to the explosives training that she gave to Resistance fighters, she actively participated in sabotage operations. On 7 May 1944 she blew up an 11-meter rail near the Roc Saint-André station in the Morbihan. [11] On the evening of 18 June the resistance stronghold where she was staying was attacked by German troops. She managed to flee to Quimper and she actively contributed to the liberation of the city on 8 August. [2]

Since she knew how to handle weapons, Bohec asked to take part in subsequent fighting for the liberation of France, [12] but she was not allowed to bear arms. [8] Towards the end of the war, after the arrival of new male volunteers in the Resistance, she was no longer entrusted with important missions. [13] She regretted not being to fight during the final phases of the liberation of France. [14]

Commemorative plaque in the 18th arrondissement of Paris Plaque Place Jeanne Bohec - Paris XVIII (FR75) - 2021-08-03 - 1.jpg
Commemorative plaque in the 18th arrondissement of Paris

Après-guerre

After the war, Bohec was decorated with the Legion of Honor, the Croix de guerre and the Resistance medal. She finished her studies and worked until 1980 as a mathematics teacher at the Roland Dorgelès college in the 18th arrondissement of Paris. From 1975 to 1983, she was deputy mayor of this arrondissement, where she lived on the Avenue Junot, in Montmartre. She died on 11 January 2010, and is buried in Plestin-les-Grèves. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Régine Deforges</span> French film director and writer

Régine Deforges was a French author, editor, director, and playwright. Her book La Bicyclette bleue was the most popular book in France in 2000 and it was known by some to be offensive and to others for its plagiarism, neither of which was proved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maria Deraismes</span> French writer and feminist (1828–1894)

Maria Deraismes was a French author, Freemason, and major pioneering force for women's rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vimoutiers</span> Commune in Normandy, France

Vimoutiers is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nathalie Lemel</span>

Nathalie Lemel, was a militant anarchist and feminist who participated on the barricades at the Commune de Paris of 1871. She was deported to Nouvelle Calédonie with Louise Michel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Violette Morris</span> French athlete (1893–1944)

Violette Morris was a French athlete and Nazi collaborator who won two gold and one silver medal at the Women's World Games in 1921–1922. She was later banned from competing for violating "moral standards". She was invited to the 1936 Summer Olympics by Adolf Hitler and was an honored guest. During World War II, she collaborated with Nazis and the Vichy France regime. She became known as the "Hyena of the Gestapo" and was killed by the French Resistance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berty Albrecht</span> French Resistance fighter

Berty Albrecht was a French feminist and French Resistance martyr of the Second World War.

<i>Abeille Bourbon</i>

Abeille Bourbon is a high seas emergency tow vessel, 80 metres (260 ft) long with a tractive power of 200 tonnes-force (2.0 MN), a crew of 12, designed by Norwegian naval architect Sigmund Borgundvåg. She was christened by Bernadette Chirac on 13 April 2005 in the presence of sponsor Jacques de Chateauvieux. She is based in Brest, France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">France Bloch-Sérazin</span> French resistance fighter

France Bloch-Sérazin (French pronunciation:[fʁɑ̃sblɔʃseʁazɛ̃] ; was a chemist and militant communist who fought in the French resistance against German occupation during World War II.

Feminism in France is the history of feminist thought and movements in France. Feminism in France can be roughly divided into three waves: First-wave feminism from the French Revolution through the Third Republic which was concerned chiefly with suffrage and civic rights for women. Significant contributions came from revolutionary movements of the French Revolution of 1848 and Paris Commune, culminating in 1944 when women gained the right to vote.

<i>Female Agents</i> 2008 French film by Jean-Paul Salomé

Female Agents is a 2008 French historical drama film directed by Jean-Paul Salomé and starring Sophie Marceau, Julie Depardieu, Marie Gillain, Déborah François, and Moritz Bleibtreu. Written by Salomé and Laurent Vachaud, the film is about female resistance fighters in the Second World War. Jean-Paul Salomé, the director, drew inspiration from an obituary in The Times newspaper of Lise de Baissac, from Mauritius, one of the heroines of the SOE, named "Louise Desfontaines" in the film and played by Sophie Marceau. The film was partly funded by BBC Films.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simone Segouin</span> French Resistance fighter (1925–2023)

Simone Segouin, also known by her nom de guerreNicole Minet, was a French Resistance fighter who served in the Francs-tireurs et partisans group during World War II. Among her first acts of resistance was stealing a bicycle from a German patrol, which she then used to help carry messages. She went on to take part in large-scale or otherwise dangerous missions, such as capturing German troops, derailing trains, and acts of sabotage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paulette Duhalde</span>

Paulette Duhalde was a French Resistance fighter, who operated under the alias of "Jojo" with the Jeanne Network in France's Normandy region during World War II. Betrayed to the Gestapo by a spy within the network, she was arrested, tried, sentenced to five years in prison, and jailed at Fresnes before being deported to a prison facility in Aachen, Germany. Subsequently transferred to the prison at Cottbus near Leipzig, she was then transported, in 1944, to the Nazi concentration camp in Germany known as Ravensbrück. She died there on 23 April 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jeanne Moirod</span>

Jeanne Moirod was a French Resistance member, principal liaison agent of Colonel Henri Romans-Petit's northern group, and mayor of Oyonnax from March to May 1953.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cécile Rol-Tanguy</span> French resistance fighter (1919–2020)

Cécile Rol-Tanguy was a French communist who was a Resistance fighter during World War II. She participated in the liberation of Paris serving as secretariat and a liaison officer, conducting clandestine operations and relaying confidential communications.

Adrienne Ranc-Sakakini,, a French accountant, was an active member of the French resistance in her native Marseille during World War II, from 1940 to 1944.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fernande Volral</span> Belgian resistance fighter in World War II

Fernande Volral was a Belgian resistance fighter during World War II who was murdered in a German prison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Claire Monis</span> French-born musician and Holocaust survivor (b. 1922 d.1967)

Claire Monis was a French singer, actress, and Lieutenant in the French resistance. She was a Holocaust survivor as a member of the Auschwitz Women's Orchestra. After WW2, Claire was a producer of movies and TV shows.

The Battle for Brittany took place between August and October 1944. After the Allies broke out of Normandy in June 1944, Brittany became targeted for its well developed ports which the Allies intended to use, whilst also stopping their continued use by German U-boats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicole de Hauteclocque</span> French World War II resistance leader and politician

Nicole de Hauteclocque was a French Second World War resistance leader and politician who served in the National Assembly as the elected representative of Paris's 18th constituency between 1962 and 1986. She also served as a councillor in the 15th arrondissement of Paris from 1947 to 1989 and as a senator for Paris in the Senate from 1986 to 1993. De Hauteclocque was awarded the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945, the Resistance Medal with Rosette, the Commemorative medal for voluntary service in Free France and the Légion d'honneur à titre militaire.

Femmes solidaires is a French feminist association in France, founded during the Second World War under the name Union des femmes françaises (UFF). The movement works for the defense and advancement of women's rights, gender equality, the liberal movement and international solidarity.

References

  1. Quote from Chalban-Delmas’ foreword to Bohec’s memoir, Laplastiqueuse à bicyclette, cited in: Discours d'Éric Lejoindre, inauguration de la Place Jeanne Bohec, Paris 18, 8 mars 2016. https://www.api-site.paris.fr/mairies/public/assets/2017%2F10%2FDiscours_EL___Inauguration_place_Jeanne_Bohec___08_03_16.pdf Archived 2023-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Musée de la résistance en ligne". museedelaresistanceenligne.org. Archived from the original on 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  3. 1 2 Janvrin, Isabelle; Rawlinson, Catherine (2013). The French in London: From William the Conqueror to Charles de Gaulle. London: Bitter Lemon Press. p. 235. ISBN   978-1-908524-65-2.
  4. Groot, Gerard J. De; Peniston-Bird, C. (2014). A Soldier and a Woman. Oxon: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN   978-0-582-41438-9.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Bohec, Jeanne (2004). La plastiqueuse à bicyclette (in French). SEXTANT Editions. ISBN   978-2849780046.
  6. 1 2 3 Perrault, Gilles (2014). Dictionnaire amoureux de la Resistance (in French). Plon. pp. 72–75. ISBN   978-2259218351.
  7. O'Connor, Bernard (2018). SOE Heroines: The Special Operations Executive's French Section and Free French Women Agents. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN   978-1-4456-7361-5.
  8. 1 2 Bascou-Bance, Paulette (2002). La mémoire des femmes: anthologie (in French). Les Guides MAF. p. 396. ISBN   978-2-914659-05-5.
  9. "Green plan in Normandy – June 6, 1944 – Normandy Landing - D-Day Overlord". 2016-03-25. Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  10. Poisson, Philippe (2009-10-28). "Jeanne Bohec : "La plastiqueuse à bicyclette"". Le blog de Philippe Poisson (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  11. "Musée de la résistance en ligne". museedelaresistanceenligne.org. Archived from the original on 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  12. Thalmann, Rita (1995-04-01). "L'oubli des femmes dans l'historiographie de la Résistance". Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire (in French) (1). doi: 10.4000/clio.513 . ISSN   1252-7017. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  13. K. Lowe, Savage Continent. Europe in the Aftermath of World War II (Londres, 2012), p. 168.
  14. Capdevila, Luc. "Identités de genre et événement guerrier: Des expériences feminines de combat". library.oapen.org. Archived from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2023-05-18.