Jed Rose (scientist)

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Jed Eugene Rose
Born
Ohio
Alma mater


Known for
SpouseFrédérique Behm
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions


Jed Eugene Rose is an American academic professor, [1] inventor [2] and researcher in the field of nicotine and smoking cessation. Rose is presently the President and CEO of the Rose Research Center, LLC in Raleigh, North Carolina. [3] Additionally, he is the Director of the Duke Center for Smoking Cessation at Duke University Medical Center. [4]

Contents

Personal life

Jed Eugene Rose was born on June 8, 1952, in Ohio. [5]

Rose received his undergraduate bachelor's degree at the University of California, Berkeley. [1] He later went on to obtain his Ph.D. at the University of California, San Diego [1] and finished his PostDoctoral work at the University of California, Los Angeles [1]

Inventions and research

Rose is most known for co-inventing the nicotine skin patch with the late [6] [7] Murray Jarvik, M.D., Ph.D. and K. Daniel Rose in the early 1980s. [8] Rose et al. published the first study of the pharmacokinetics of a transdermal nicotine patch in humans in 1984 [9] and the subsequently filed US Patent 4920989 [10] which was upheld in a priority decision in 1993. This work helped pave the way for the development of commercial nicotine skin patches.

Rose is also responsible for studying agonist-antagonist treatments that provided support for the development varenicline (Chantix). [11] [12] [13] [14]

Also in the 1980s, Rose developed novel methods for reaerosolizing selected constituents of tobacco smoke in cigarette-sized devices, a forerunner of modern e-cigarettes. [15]

His first NIDA-funded grant, “Scaling the Reinforcing Value of Cigarette Smoke” (1981-2000), measured the role of nicotine in tobacco dependence, by selectively varying nicotine concentrations in smoke while holding tar yield constant, using a two-barreled smoke-mixing device. This method was employed in research cited in the 1988 U.S. Surgeon General's Report [16] on nicotine addiction. [17] [18] [19] [20]

Significant contributions to science

Nicotine patch

Rose initiated the development of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation: In the early 1980s, he led the initial exploration of transdermal nicotine administration for smoking cessation. [21] In a series of studies he and colleagues showed that transdermal nicotine administration reduced craving for cigarettes and that it was efficacious for smoking cessation. [22] Rose experimented on himself, applying nicotine to his skin and measuring his body's physiological responses. [7]

Inspiring the development of Chantix

Rose aided in the conception of varenicline for smoking cessation: In the 1990s Rose et al. conducted clinical trials of an agonist-antagonist combination treatment, using nicotine (agonist) and mecamylamine (nicotinic antagonist). [23] [24] The combination proved more efficacious than either agent alone. Pfizer pharmaceuticals cited [25] this work as helping to inspire the development of the partial nicotinic agonist varenicline, [26] which is currently the most effective pharmacologic smoking cessation treatment available. [27]

Sensory factors in tobacco addiction

Rose demonstrated the role of nicotine and non-nicotine sensory factors in tobacco addiction: [28] [29] In a series of studies, Rose et al. dissociated non-nicotine factors, including sensory cues accompanying cigarette inhalation, from the pharmacologic effects of nicotine. Attenuating these cues, while holding nicotine intake constant, significantly reduced the psychological rewarding and satiating effects of cigarette smoke. Conversely, presenting sensory inhalational cues down-regulated smoking behavior.

First radiotracer nicotine studies

Rose elucidated the brain pharmacokinetics of inhaled nicotine: Rose et al. conducted the first direct assessment of the rate of brain nicotine uptake during cigarette smoking, using cigarettes spiked with the radiotracer [11C]nicotine and PET scanning to image nicotine in the brain. [30] The results overturned the widely held “puff bolus” hypothesis, [31] which held that the nicotine from each puff of smoke should generate a spike in brain nicotine uptake within 10 seconds. In fact, the lung serves as a depot for nicotine, releasing the dose over several minutes. This new understanding of brain nicotine pharmacokinetics has implications both for the understanding of mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction as well as development of more effective nicotine replacement strategies.

First adaptive treatment algorithm for smoking cessation

Rose validated the first adaptive treatment algorithm for smoking cessation: Rose led a series of studies showing that the initial response to pre-cessation administration of nicotine skin patch treatment predicted long-term abstinence. [32] [33] Subsequently, this response was used to implement adaptive changes in pharmacotherapy for patch non-responders. [34] Rose continues to develop personalized approaches to smoking cessation treatment based on smokers’ characteristics, including level of nicotine dependence, and genomic markers, which he helped to identify in the first genome-wide association studies of smoking cessation treatment outcome. [35] [36] [37] [38]

Selected publications

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicotine</span> Chemical stimulant produced by some plants

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As a pharmaceutical drug, it is used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits where it acts as a receptor antagonist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smoking cessation</span> Process of discontinuing tobacco smoking

Smoking cessation, usually called quitting smoking or stopping smoking, is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which is addictive and can cause dependence. As a result, nicotine withdrawal often makes the process of quitting difficult.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotinine</span> Alkaloid found in tobacco

Cotinine is an alkaloid found in tobacco and is also the predominant metabolite of nicotine, typically used as a biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke. Cotinine is currently being studied as a treatment for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Cotinine was developed as an antidepressant as a fumaric acid salt, cotinine fumarate, to be sold under the brand name Scotine, but it was never marketed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicotine replacement therapy</span> Treatment for tobacco use disorder

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a medically approved way to treat people with tobacco use disorder by taking nicotine through means other than tobacco. It is used to help with quitting smoking or stopping chewing tobacco. It increases the chance of quitting tobacco smoking by about 55%. Often it is used along with other behavioral techniques. NRT has also been used to treat ulcerative colitis. Types of NRT include the adhesive patch, chewing gum, lozenges, nose spray, and inhaler. The use of multiple types of NRT at a time may increase effectiveness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chain smoking</span> Practice of smoking several cigarettes/cigars in succession

Chain smoking is the practice of smoking several cigarettes in succession, sometimes using the ember of a finishing cigarette to light the next. The term chain smoker often also refers to a person who smokes relatively constantly, though not necessarily chaining each cigarette. The term applies primarily to cigarettes, although it can be used to describe incessant cigar and pipe smoking as well as vaping. It is a common indicator of addiction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicotine patch</span> Transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body

A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin. It is used in nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), a process for smoking cessation. Endorsed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it is considered one of the safer NRTs available for the treatment of tobacco use disorder.

Nicotine gum is a chewing gum containing the active ingredient nicotine polacrilex. It is a type of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) used alone or in combination with other pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation and for quitting smokeless tobacco.

Nicorette is the brand name of a number of products for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) that contain nicotine polacrilex. Developed in the late 1970s in Sweden by AB Leo in the form of a chewing gum, Nicorette was the first nicotine replacement product on the market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cytisine</span> Chemical compound

Cytisine, also known as baptitoxine, cytisinicline, or sophorine, is an alkaloid that occurs naturally in several plant genera, such as Laburnum and Cytisus of the family Fabaceae. It has been used medically to help with smoking cessation. Although widely used for smoking cessation in Eastern Europe, cytisine remains relatively unknown beyond it. However, it has been found effective in several randomized clinical trials, including some in the United States and a large one in New Zealand, and is being investigated in additional trials in the United States and a non-inferiority trial in Australia in which it is being compared head-to-head with the smoking cessation aid varenicline. It has also been used entheogenically via mescalbeans by some Native American groups, historically in the Rio Grande Valley predating even peyote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Varenicline</span> Nicotinic receptor agonist

Varenicline, sold under the brand names Chantix and Champix among others, is a medication used for smoking cessation and for the treatment of dry eye disease. It is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist and a cholinergic agonist. When activated, this receptor releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, the brain's reward center, thereby reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation.

NicVAX is an experimental conjugate vaccine intended to reduce or eliminate physical dependence to nicotine. According to the U.S. National Institute of Drug Abuse, NicVAX can potentially be used to inoculate against nicotine addiction. This proprietary vaccine is being developed by Nabi Biopharmaceuticals of Rockville, MD. with the support from the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse. NicVAX consists of the hapten 3'-aminomethylnicotine which has been conjugated (attached) to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicotine withdrawal</span> Process of withdrawing from nicotine addiction

Nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur in the first few weeks after stopping or decreasing use of nicotine. Symptoms include intense cravings for nicotine, anger or irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger or weight gain, and difficulty concentrating. Withdrawal symptoms make it harder to quit nicotine products, and most methods for quitting smoking involve reducing nicotine withdrawal. Quit smoking programs can make it easier to quit. Nicotine withdrawal is recognized in both the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and the WHO International Classification of Diseases.


Tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a public health strategy to lower the health risks to individuals and wider society associated with using tobacco products. It is an example of the concept of harm reduction, a strategy for dealing with the use of drugs. Tobacco smoking is widely acknowledged as a leading cause of illness and death, and reducing smoking is vital to public health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicotine dependence</span> Chronic disease

Nicotine dependence is a state of dependence upon nicotine. Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disease defined as a compulsive craving to use the drug, despite social consequences, loss of control over drug intake, and emergence of withdrawal symptoms. Tolerance is another component of drug dependence. Nicotine dependence develops over time as a person continues to use nicotine. The most commonly used tobacco product is cigarettes, but all forms of tobacco use and e-cigarette use can cause dependence. Nicotine dependence is a serious public health problem because it leads to continued tobacco use, which is one of the leading preventable causes of death worldwide, causing more than 8 million deaths per year.

Nicotine Anonymous (NicA) is a twelve-step program founded in 1982 for people desiring to quit smoking and live free of nicotine. As of July 2017, there are over 700 face-to-face meetings in 32 countries worldwide with the majority of these meetings occurring in the United States, Iran, India, Canada, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Australia, Russia and in various online community and social media platforms.. NicA maintains that total abstinence from nicotine is necessary for recovery. NicA defines abstinence as “a state that begins when all use of nicotine ceases.

Elbert D. Glover is an American researcher and author in the field of tobacco addiction and smoking cessation. After several academic positions, he retired as professor emeritus at the University of Maryland at College Park School of Public Health where he served as Chairperson of the Department of Behavioral and Community Health from 2005 to his retirement in 2015. Moreover, he was entrepreneur, editor, publisher, co-founder and principal owner of Health Behavior and Policy Review, and co-founder, owner, editor, and publisher of American Journal of Health Behavior and Tobacco Regulatory Science. Glover was the founder of the American Academy of Health Behavior and served as its first president from 1997 to 2001.

Murray Elias Jarvik was an American psychopharmacologist and academic who was among the first scientists to study d-lysergic acid, the precursor to LSD, and later became the co-inventor of the nicotine patch. He was a longtime professor emeritus at University of California-Los Angeles, where he taught as a professor of psychiatry and pharmacology for many years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dianicline</span> Chemical compound

Dianicline (SSR-591,813) is a drug developed by Sanofi-Aventis which acts as a partial agonist at neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is subtype-selective, binding primarily to the α4β2 subtype. It is being developed as a medication for the treatment of nicotine dependence to assist in smoking cessation. Dianicline is very similar to the already marketed drug varenicline and it is unclear what advantages it will have over the older drug, although it may have an improved side effect profile. It has been through human trials up to Phase II, although results have not yet been reported. Drug development has been discontinued after reporting of unfavourable results during Phase III trials.

Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking have been historically associated. Smoking is known to harm the health of people with schizophrenia.

The Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of addiction to nicotine. It evaluates the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence. In addition to this, the DSM-5 for tobacco use disorder can be used by physicians and nurse practitioners to make a diagnosis.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Rose, Jed. "Duke Medical Center Faculty Directory". Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  2. ↑ "Method and apparatus for aiding in the reduction of incidence of tobacco smoking" . Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  3. ↑ "Rose Research Center". Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  4. ↑ "Duke Center for Smoking Cessation" . Retrieved 1 April 2016.
  5. ↑ "Jed Eugene Rose Birth Record" . Retrieved 21 April 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  6. ↑ "Murray E. Jarvik, Obituary" . Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  7. 1 2 Weber, Bruce (2008-05-13). "Murray Jarvik, 84, Whose Research Helped Lead to Nicotine Patch, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  8. ↑ Ii, Thomas H. Maugh (2008-05-14). "Invention of the Nicotine Skin Patch". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  9. ↑ Ii, Thomas H. Maugh (2008-05-14). "Transdermal administration of nicotine". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  10. ↑ Ii, Thomas H. Maugh (2008-05-14). "Method and apparatus for aiding in the reduction of incidence of tobacco smoking". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  11. ↑ "Nicotine–mecamylamine treatment for smoking cessation: The role of pre-cessation therapy" . Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  12. ↑ Rose, JE; Behm, FM; Westman, EC; Levin, ED; Stein, RM; Ripka, GV (1994). "Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicotine patch treatment alone". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 56 (1): 86–99. doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.105. PMID   8033499. S2CID   40192890.
  13. ↑ Rose, JE; Behm, FM; Westman, EC (2001). "Acute effects of nicotine and mecamylamine on tobacco withdrawal symptoms, cigarette reward and ad lib smoking". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 68 (2): 187–97. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00465-2. PMID   11267622. S2CID   24866606.
  14. ↑ Rose, JE; Behm, FM; Westman, EC (1998). "Nicotine-mecamylamine treatment for smoking cessation: the role of pre-cessation therapy". Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 6 (3): 331–43. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.6.3.331. PMID   9725117.
  15. ↑ "Refined cigarette smoke as a means to reduce nicotine intake" . Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  16. ↑ "The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: A Report of the Surgeon General". 1988. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  17. ↑ "Sensory blockade of smoking satisfaction" . Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  18. ↑ Rose, JE; Behm, FM; Levin, ED (1993). "Role of nicotine dose and sensory cues in the regulation of smoke intake". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 44 (4): 891–900. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90021-k. PMID   8469698. S2CID   42902056.
  19. ↑ Westman, EC; Behm, FM; Rose, JE (1995). "Airway sensory replacement combined with nicotine replacement for smoking cessation. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial using a citric acid inhaler". Chest. 107 (5): 1358–64. doi:10.1378/chest.107.5.1358. PMID   7750331. S2CID   27147746.
  20. ↑ Rose, JE; Westman, EC; Behm, FM; Johnson, MP; Goldberg, JS (1999). "Blockade of smoking satisfaction using the peripheral nicotinic antagonist trimethaphan". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 62 (1): 165–72. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00153-1. PMID   9972860. S2CID   2198708.
  21. ↑ "Better World Project Article". Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
  22. ↑ Rose, JE; Jarvik, ME; Rose, KD (May 1984). "Transdermal administration of nicotine". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 13 (3): 209–213. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(84)90061-9. PMID   6734425.
  23. ↑ "Believe It or Not, Big Tobacco May Help Make Anti-Addiction Drugs". HuffPost . 2014-06-17. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  24. ↑ Rose, Jed E.; Levin, Edward D.; Behm, Frederique M.; Westman, Eric C.; Stein, Roy M.; Lane, James D.; Ripka, Gail V. (1994). "Combined Agonist-Antagonist Treatment for Nicotine and Other Drug Dependencies". Neuropsychopharmacology. 11 (4): 281. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1380199 .
  25. ↑ Coe, JW; Brooks, PR; Vetelino, MG; et al. (May 2005). "Varenicline: an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist for smoking cessation". J. Med. Chem. 48 (10): 3474–7. doi:10.1021/jm050069n. PMID   15887955. S2CID   83548212.
  26. ↑ "Ready to Quit Smoking?". Los Angeles Times . 16 February 2009.
  27. ↑ Yilmazel Ucar, E; Araz, O; Yilmaz, N; Akgun, M; Meral, M; Kaynar, H; Saglam, L (2014). "Effectiveness of pharmacologic therapies on smoking cessation success: three years results of a smoking cessation clinic". Multidiscip Respir Med. 9 (1): 9. doi: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-9 . PMC   3916028 . PMID   24495744.
  28. ↑ Rose, JE; Salley, A; Behm, FM; Bates, JE; Westman, EC (2010). "Reinforcing effects of nicotine and non-nicotine components of cigarette smoke". Psychopharmacology. 210 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1810-2. PMC   4154143 . PMID   20358364.
  29. ↑ "Duke nicotine research conference examines tobacco addiction" . Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  30. ↑ Rose, J. E.; Mukhin, A. G.; Lokitz, S. J.; Turkington, T. G.; Herskovic, J.; Behm, F. M.; Garg, S.; Garg, P. K. (2010). "Kinetics of brain nicotine accumulation in dependent and nondependent smokers assessed with PET and cigarettes containing 11C-nicotine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (11): 5190–5195. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.5190R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909184107 . PMC   2841893 . PMID   20212132.
  31. ↑ McKinney, DL; Gogova, M; Davies, BD; Ramakrishnan, V; Fisher, K; Carter, WH; Karnes, HT; Garnett, WR; Iyer, SS; Somani, AA; Kobal, G; Barr, WH (2012). "Evaluation of the effect of ammonia on nicotine pharmacokinetics using rapid arterial sampling". Nicotine Tob Res. 14 (5): 586–95. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr257. PMID   22140146. S2CID   20624588.
  32. ↑ "Smokers Double Their Quit Rate By Wearing Nicotine Patch Before Stopping".
  33. ↑ "Nicotine Patch Before Quitting Doubles Success Rate".
  34. ↑ Rose, JE; Behm, FM (2013). "Adapting smoking cessation treatment according to initial response to precessation nicotine patch". Am J Psychiatry. 170 (8): 860–7. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070919. PMC   4562286 . PMID   23640009.
  35. ↑ Uhl, G. R.; Walther, D.; Musci, R.; Fisher, C.; Anthony, J. C.; Storr, C. L.; Behm, F. M.; Eaton, W. W.; Ialongo, N.; Rose, J. E. (2014). "Smoking quit success genotype score predicts quit success and distinct patterns of developmental involvement with common addictive substances". Molecular Psychiatry. 19 (1): 50–54. doi:10.1038/mp.2012.155. PMC   3922203 . PMID   23128154.
  36. ↑ Rose, JE; Behm, FM; Drgon, T; Johnson, C; Uhl, GR (2010). "Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score". Mol. Med. 16 (7–8): 247–53. doi:10.2119/molmed.2009.00159. PMC   2896464 . PMID   20379614.
  37. ↑ Rose, JE; Herskovic, JE; Behm, FM; Westman, EC (2009). "Precessation treatment with nicotine patch significantly increases abstinence rates relative to conventional treatment". Nicotine Tob Res. 11 (9): 1067–75. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp103. PMID   19567826.
  38. ↑ Rose, JE; Behm, FM (2014). "Combination treatment with varenicline and bupropion in an adaptive smoking cessation paradigm". Am J Psychiatry. 171 (11): 1199–205. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13050595. PMC   4557205 . PMID   24934962.
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