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Clinical neuropsychologyis a sub-field of cognitive science and psychology concerned with the applied science of brain-behaviour relationships. Clinical neuropsychologists use this knowledge in the assessment,diagnosis,treatment,and or rehabilitation of patients across the lifespan with neurological,medical,neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions,as well as other cognitive and learning disorders. The branch of neuropsychology associated with children and young people is called pediatric neuropsychology.
Arthur Lester Benton was a neuropsychologist and Emeritus Professor of Neurology and Psychology at the University of Iowa.
The attempts to derive the links between the damage to specific brain areas and problems in behaviour are known throughout the history for 3 millennia. However,the first systematic neuropsychological assessment and a battery of the behavioural tasks to investigate specific aspects of behavioural regulation was developed by Alexander Luria in 1942-1948. Luria was working with big samples of brain-injured Russian soldiers during and after the second World War. Among many insights from Luria's rehabilitation practice and observations,was the fundamental discovery of the involvement of frontal lobes of the cortex in plasticity,initiation,planning and organization of behaviour. His Go/no-go task,which was one of the tasks screening for the frontal lobe damage,"count by 7",hands-clutching,clock-drawing task,drawing of repeatitive patterns,word associations and categories recall and others became standard components of neuropsychological assessment and mental status screening. Considering the originality and multiplicity of neuropsychological components offered by Alexander Luria,he is recognized as a father of neuropsychological assessment. Alexander Luria's neuropsychological battery was adapted in the United States in the form of Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery in 1970s. Then the tasks used in this battery were borrowed in more modern neuropsychological batteries and in the Mini–mental state examination test for screening of demenia.
Cognitive reserve is the mind's and brain's resistance to damage of the brain. The mind's resilience is evaluated behaviorally,whereas the neuropathological damage is evaluated histologically,although damage may be estimated using blood-based markers and imaging methods. There are two models that can be used when exploring the concept of "reserve":brain reserve and cognitive reserve. These terms,albeit often used interchangeably in the literature,provide a useful way of discussing the models. Using a computer analogy,brain reserve can be seen as hardware and cognitive reserve as software. All these factors are currently believed to contribute to global reserve. Cognitive reserve is commonly used to refer to both brain and cognitive reserves in the literature.
Edith F. Kaplan was an American psychologist. She was a pioneer of neuropsychological tests and did most of her work at the Boston VA Hospital. Kaplan is known for her promotion of clinical neuropsychology as a specialty area in psychology. She examined brain-behavioral relationships in aphasia,apraxia,developmental issues in clinical neuropsychology,as well as normal and abnormal aging. Kaplan helped develop a new method of assessing brain function with neuropsychological assessment,called "The Boston Process Approach."
Kenneth M. Heilman was an American behavioral neurologist. He is considered one of the fathers of modern-day behavioral neurology.
Eva Lucille Feldman is an American physician-scientist who is a leading authority on neurodegenerative disease. She serves as the Russell N. DeJong Professor of Neurology at the University of Michigan,as well as Director of the NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies and ALS Center of Excellence at Michigan Medicine. She was also named the James W. Albers Distinguished University Professor of Neurology.
Pediatric neuropsychology is a sub-speciality within the field of clinical neuropsychology that studies the relationship between brain health and behaviour in children. Many pediatric neuropsychologists are involved in teaching,research,supervision,and training of undergraduate and graduate students in the field.
Clinical neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that focuses on the scientific study of fundamental mechanisms that underlie diseases and disorders of the brain and central nervous system. It seeks to develop new ways of conceptualizing and diagnosing such disorders and ultimately of developing novel treatments.
Igor Grant is an American psychiatrist. He is Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychiatry in the School of Medicine at the University of California,San Diego. He is Director of the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) and the Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research (CMCR). Grant is the founding Editor of the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society and founding co-editor of the journal AIDS and Behavior. His work focuses on effects of HIV and drug use,particularly alcohol,medical marijuana,and methamphetamine.
The Division of Clinical Neuropsychology of the American Psychological Association is a scientific and professional organization of psychologists interested in neuropsychology and clinical neuropsychology,the study of brain-behavior relationships with a focus on applying this knowledge to human problems. The Division of Clinical Neuropsychology was established as a specialty organization within APA in 1980 and was formally recognized by APA in 1996 via the Committee for the Recognition of Specialties and Proficiencies in Professional Psychology". It has become one of APA's largest and most active divisions with over 4200 members worldwide. The Division of Clinical Neuropsychology has been instrumental in the development of clinical neuropsychology as a psychological specialty. This organization helped to establish policies and standards for practice and training in clinical neuropsychology as well as developed the definition of a clinical neuropsychologist,which has been used as a foundation by other neuropsychological organizations.
Kristine Yaffe is an American Cognitive decline and dementia researcher. She is the Scola Endowed Chair and Vice Chair and Professor of Psychiatry,Neurology and Epidemiology and the Director of the Center for Population Brain Health at the University of California,San Francisco. In 2019,Yaffe was elected to the National Academy of Medicine.
Czech Brain Ageing Study (CBAS) is a longitudinal,observational study on aging and dementia from two large centers in the Czech Republic combining clinical care and clinical research.
Pasquale Calabrese born 27 February 1961 in Naples,Italy,is an Italian professor of clinical neurosciences at the University of Basel,Faculty of Psychology,Department of Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences. He is a neuroscientist,experimental neurologist and medical neuropsychologist.
Yaakov Stern is an American cognitive neuroscientist,professor of neuropsychology at Columbia University.
Robert A. Stern is professor of Neurology,Neurosurgery,and Anatomy &Neurobiology at Boston University School of Medicine,where he is also director of clinical research for the BU Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Center. From 2010 to 2019,he was the director of the Clinical Core of the BU Alzheimer's Disease Center.
Dan Han (한동녕) is a Korean-American neuroscientist and clinical psychologist,who specializes in neuropsychology,neurotrauma,and neurogastronomy. He is one of the founders of the International Society of Neurogastronomy. He is a Fellow of the American Neurological Association,the Royal Society of Medicine,and of the Royal Society for Public Health. Han is currently a Professor of neurology,neurosurgery,and physical medicine &rehabilitation at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine.
Nicole Schupf is an American epidemiologist and neuroscientist who is Professor of Epidemiology in Neurology,Psychiatry,the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center,and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain,Columbia University Faculty of Medicine. She studies aging and Alzheimer's disease in individuals with Down syndrome.
Yo-El Ju is the Barbara Burton and Reuben Morriss III Professor of Neurology at the Washington University School of Medicine. She co-directs the Center on Biological Rhythms and Sleep (COBRAS) and is a member of the Hope Center for Neurological Diseases at Washington University. Clinically,she sees patients at Barnes-Jewish Hospital for parasomnia,narcolepsy,restless legs syndrome,and obstructive sleep apnea. Ju's team has made multiple significant contributions to the field of sleep medicine and neurology in unveiling the complex relationship between sleep,amyloid deposition and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's,opening new possibilities for clinical treatment. As of April 2023,the most cited work from her lab is their 2017 paper in Brain:A Journal of Neurology that showed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-beta protein level increases due to slow-wave sleep disruption.
Sharon Linda Naismith is an Australian clinical neuropsychologist who researches aging,dementia,and cognitive decline. She is the Leonard P. Ullman Chair in Psychology at the University of Sydney School of Psychology. Sharon founded the Healthy Brain Ageing Project in 2010,which focuses on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia including depression,sleep disturbance and cardiovascular disease. In 2023,Naismith was elected to the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia.
References
- ↑ "Women Scientist Profiles: Jennifer J. Manly, Ph.D." NIH Women in Science. August 9, 2018. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ "JENNIFER MANLY, PHD". UsAgainstAlzheimer's. 29 August 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ↑ "Early Detection of Alzheimer's among Diverse Populations". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. July 31, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ↑ Rabbitt, Meghan (June 24, 2020). "Researchers Explain Why Black Americans Are at Higher Risk for Alzheimer's". Oprah Magazine. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ↑ "Studies explore Alzheimer's risk factors, biomarkers in Latinos". National Institute of Aging. December 12, 2018. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ↑ "Jennifer J. Manly, PhD". Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. 2017-06-12. Retrieved 2021-03-26.
- ↑ "Jennifer Manly". Columbia Presidential Scholars in Society and Neuroscience. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 "Jennifer J. Manly, PhD". Columbia Neurology.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ↑ "Awards". National Academy of Neuropsychology. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ↑ Miller, Lynsey (October 21, 2019). "Litrownik Distinguished Alumni Scholar Award Presented to Dr. Jennifer Manly". clinpsyc.sdsu.edu. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ↑ "2020 Paul Satz Career Mentoring Award". Columbia Neurology. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ↑ "National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members". Oct 18, 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
