Ji, King of Zhou | |||||||
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Chinese | 周 王 季 | ||||||
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Alternative Chinese name | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 季歷 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 季历 | ||||||
Literal meaning | Youngest son Li | ||||||
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Personal name | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 姬歷 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 姬历 | ||||||
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Jili was a leader of the Predynastic Zhou during the Shang dynasty of ancient China. His son King Wen and grandson King Wu would defeat the Shang to establish the Zhou dynasty. He was posthumously granted the title of king,and often referred to as Ji,King of Zhou.
Jili's ancestral name was Ji. He was the youngest son of King Tai. Sima Qian recorded that Jili and his son were both renowned for their wisdom and this reputation caused his elder brothers Taibo and Zhongyong to renounce voluntarily their claims to the throne and to leave in exile to Wu. [1]
Surviving historical records portray him travelling to the Shang capital to submit to Wu Yi and being rewarded with land,jade,and horses in 1118 BC. [2] In 1117,he captured 20 "kings" of the Guirong tribes. During the reign of the Shang king Wen Ding,he was defeated by the Yanjing Rong but managed to subdue the Yuwu (余无),Hu (呼),and Xitu (翳徒) Rong. After the defeat of the Xitu tribe,Wen Ding became nervous and betrayed him,rewarding him richly before dispatching him to a place called Saiku (塞库),where he was killed by Shang forces. Jili's death caused his son Ji Chang to harbor hatred towards the Shang;as the Zhou were still weak and must serve the Shang,Ji Chang plotted revenge. [3]
Jili's wife was Tai Ren (太任). Tai Ren,along with Jiang Yuan (mother of Jili's paternal ancestor Hou Ji),were credited by Sima Qian as two women responsible for the success of the Zhou. [1] [4] She came from a place called Zhi ( 摯 ) and represented some connection to the Shang royalty. [5]
Jili had at least three sons. The eldest son was King Wen,whose son King Wu established the Zhou dynasty of China upon defeating the Shang at the Battle of Muye. The second eldest son was enfeoffed in Eastern Guo,also known as Guo Zhong (i.e. the "Second Son of Guo"),and the third eldest son in Western Guo,also known as Guo Shu (i.e. the "Third Son of Guo,) by King Wu (their nephew.)
The Zhou dynasty was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 789 years from c. 1046 BC until 256 BC, the longest such reign in Chinese history. During the Western Zhou period, the royal house, surnamed Ji, had military control over ancient China. Even as Zhou suzerainty became increasingly ceremonial over the following Eastern Zhou period (771–256 BC), the political system created by the Zhou royal house survived in some form for several additional centuries. A date of 1046 BC for the Zhou's establishment is supported by the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project and David Pankenier, but David Nivison and Edward L. Shaughnessy date the establishment to 1045 BC.
King Wu of Zhou was the founder and first king of the Zhou dynasty. The chronology of his reign is disputed but is generally thought to have begun around 1046 BCE and ended with his death three years later.
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Jī was the ancestral name of the Zhou dynasty which ruled China between the 11th and 3rd centuries BC. Thirty-nine members of the family ruled China during this period while many others ruled as local lords, lords who eventually gained great autonomy during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. Ji is a relatively uncommon surname in modern China, largely because its bearers often adopted the names of their states and fiefs as new surnames.
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