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A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water",the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are of significant concern in agriculture,civil engineering and public health. Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding. Examples for human changes are land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands,changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees. Global environmental issues also influence causes of floods,namely climate change which causes an intensification of the water cycle and sea level rise. For example,climate change makes extreme weather events more frequent and stronger. This leads to more intense floods and increased flood risk.
Climate change adaptation is the process of adjusting to the effects of climate change. These can be both current or expected impacts. Adaptation aims to moderate or avoid harm for people,and is usually done alongside climate change mitigation. It also aims to exploit opportunities. Humans may also intervene to help adjustment for natural systems. There are many adaptation strategies or options. They can help manage impacts and risks to people and nature. The four types of adaptation actions are infrastructural,institutional,behavioural and nature-based options.
Climate risk is the potential for problems for societies or ecosystems from the impacts of climate change. The assessment of climate risk is based on formal analysis of the consequences,likelihoods and responses to these impacts. Societal constraints can also shape adaptation options. There are different values and preferences around risk,resulting in differences of risk perception.
The effects of climate change in Florida are attributable to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Floridians are experiencing increased flooding due to sea level rise,and are concerned about the possibility of more frequent or more intense hurricanes.
Flood control methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes,such as extreme weather upstream,and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. Flood control methods can be either of the structural type and of the non-structural type. Structural methods hold back floodwaters physically,while non-structural methods do not. Building hard infrastructure to prevent flooding,such as flood walls,is effective at managing flooding. However,best practice within landscape engineering is more and more to rely on soft infrastructure and natural systems,such as marshes and flood plains,for handling the increase in water.
The aim of water security is to make the most of water's benefits for humans and ecosystems. The second aim is to limit the risks of destructive impacts of water to an acceptable level. These risks include for example too much water (flood),too little water or poor quality (polluted) water. People who live with a high level of water security always have access to "an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health,livelihoods and production". For example,access to water,sanitation and hygiene services is one part of water security. Some organizations use the term water security more narrowly for water supply aspects only.
Coastal flooding occurs when dry and low-lying land is submerged (flooded) by seawater. The range of a coastal flooding is a result of the elevation of floodwater that penetrates the inland which is controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding. The seawater can flood the land via several different paths:direct flooding,overtopping of a barrier,or breaching of a barrier. Coastal flooding is largely a natural event. Due to the effects of climate change and an increase in the population living in coastal areas,the damage caused by coastal flood events has intensified and more people are being affected.
Urban resilience has conventionally been defined as the "measurable ability of any urban system,with its inhabitants,to maintain continuity through all shocks and stresses,while positively adapting and transforming towards sustainability".
Climate change is a critical issue in Bangladesh. as the country is one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In the 2020 edition of Germanwatch's Climate Risk Index,it ranked seventh in the list of countries most affected by climate calamities during the period 1999–2018. Bangladesh's vulnerability to the effects of climate change is due to a combination of geographical factors,such as its flat,low-lying,and delta-exposed topography. and socio-economic factors,including its high population density,levels of poverty,and dependence on agriculture. The impacts and potential threats include sea level rise,temperature rise,food crisis,droughts,floods,and cyclones.
The Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford in England was founded in 1991 "to organize and promote interdisciplinary research on the nature,causes and impact of environmental change and to contribute to the development of management strategies for coping with future environmental change".
Climate resilience is a concept to describe how well people or ecosystems are prepared to bounce back from certain climate hazard events. The formal definition of the term is the "capacity of social,economic and ecosystems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance". For example,climate resilience can be the ability to recover from climate-related shocks such as floods and droughts. Methods of coping include suitable responses to maintain relevant functions of societies and ecosystems. To increase climate resilience means one has to reduce the climate vulnerability of people and countries. Efforts to increase climate resilience include a range of social,economic,technological,and political strategies. They have to be implemented at all scales of society,from local community action all the way to global treaties.
Community resilience is the sustained ability of a community to use available resources to respond to,withstand,and recover from adverse situations. This allows for the adaptation and growth of a community after disaster strikes. Communities that are resilient are able to minimize any disaster,making the return to normal life as effortless as possible. By implementing a community resilience plan,a community can come together and overcome any disaster,while rebuilding physically and economically.
Colin Reginald Thorne is Chair of Physical Geography at the University of Nottingham. A fluvial geomorphologist with an educational background in environmental sciences,civil engineering and physical geography;he has published 9 books and over 120 journal papers and book chapters.
Nature-based solutions is the sustainable management and use of natural processes to tackle socio-environmental issues. These issues include for example climate change mitigation and adaptation,water security,and disaster risk reduction. The aim is that resilient ecosystems provide solutions for the benefit of both societies and biodiversity. The 2019 UN Climate Action Summit highlighted nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change. For example,nature-based systems for climate change adaptation can include natural flood management,restoring natural coastal defences,and providing local cooling.
Ana Mijic is an associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Imperial College London who works in systems water management. She has expertise in advanced modelling of integrated water systems,as well as the analysis of processes,planning,resilience and economics.
Auroop Ratan Ganguly is an American hydrologist,a climate and computational scientist,and a civil engineer of Indian origin best known for his work at the intersection of climate extremes and water sustainability,infrastructural resilience and homeland security,and artificial intelligence and nonlinear dynamics.
The UK Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium (ITRC) was established in January 2011. The ITRC provides data and modelling to help governments,policymakers and other stakeholders in infrastructure make more sustainable and resilient infrastructure decisions. It is a collaboration between seven universities and more than 55 partners from infrastructure policy and practice.
Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in cities or other built environment,caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems,such as storm sewers. Urban flooding can happen regardless of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water. It is triggered for example by an overflow of rivers and lakes,flash flooding or snowmelt. During the flood,stormwater or water released from damaged water mains may accumulate on property and in public rights-of-way. It can seep through building walls and floors,or backup into buildings through sewer pipes,cellars,toilets and sinks.
Omar-Darío Cardona Arboleda is a civil engineer,academic,and author. He is a Titular Professor of integrated disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in the Institute of Environment Studies at the National University of Colombia,Co-founder,and CEO of Ingeniar:Risk Intelligence.
References
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