Related Research Articles
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water",the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are of significant concern in agriculture,civil engineering and public health. Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding. Examples for human changes are land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands,changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees. Global environmental issues also influence causes of floods,namely climate change which causes an intensification of the water cycle and sea level rise. For example,climate change makes extreme weather events more frequent and stronger. This leads to more intense floods and increased flood risk.
Climate change adaptation is the process of adjusting to the effects of climate change. These can be both current or expected impacts. Adaptation aims to moderate or avoid harm for people,and is usually done alongside climate change mitigation. It also aims to exploit opportunities. Humans may also intervene to help adjust for natural systems. There are many adaptation strategies or options. For instance,building hospitals that can withstand natural disasters,roads that don't get washed away in the face of rains and floods. They can help manage impacts and risks to people and nature. The four types of adaptation actions are infrastructural,institutional,behavioural and nature-based options. Some examples of these are building seawalls or inland flood defenses,providing new insurance schemes,changing crop planting times or varieties,and installing green roofs or green spaces. Adaptation can be reactive or proactive.
The Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) was the program responsible for coordinating and integrating research on global warming by U.S. government agencies from February 2002 to June 2009. Toward the end of that period,CCSP issued 21 separate climate assessment reports that addressed climate observations,changes in the atmosphere,expected climate change,impacts and adaptation,and risk management issues. Shortly after President Obama took office,the program's name was changed to U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) which was also the program's name before 2002. Nevertheless,the Obama Administration generally embraced the CCSP products as sound science providing a basis for climate policy. Because those reports were mostly issued after the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),and in some cases focused specifically on the United States,they were generally viewed within the United States as having an importance and scientific credibility comparable to the IPCC assessments for the first few years of the Obama Administration.
Climate risk is the potential for problems for societies or ecosystems from the impacts of climate change. The assessment of climate risk is based on formal analysis of the consequences,likelihoods and responses to these impacts. Societal constraints can also shape adaptation options. There are different values and preferences around risk,resulting in differences of risk perception.
The effects of climate change in Florida are attributable to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Floridians are experiencing increased flooding due to sea level rise,and are concerned about the possibility of more frequent or more intense hurricanes.
The aim of water security is to make the most of water's benefits for humans and ecosystems. The second aim is to limit the risks of destructive impacts of water to an acceptable level. These risks include for example too much water (flood),too little water or poor quality (polluted) water. People who live with a high level of water security always have access to "an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health,livelihoods and production". For example,access to water,sanitation and hygiene services is one part of water security. Some organizations use the term water security more narrowly for water supply aspects only.
Coastal flooding occurs when dry and low-lying land is submerged (flooded) by seawater. The range of a coastal flooding is a result of the elevation of floodwater that penetrates the inland which is controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding. The seawater can flood the land via several different paths:direct flooding,overtopping or breaching of a barrier. Coastal flooding is largely a natural event. Due to the effects of climate change and an increase in the population living in coastal areas,the damage caused by coastal flood events has intensified and more people are being affected.
Urban resilience has conventionally been defined as the "measurable ability of any urban system,with its inhabitants,to maintain continuity through all shocks and stresses,while positively adapting and transforming towards sustainability". Urban resilience can be used to describe the change in structure and function of urban areas.
Climate change is a critical issue in Bangladesh. as the country is one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In the 2020 edition of Germanwatch's Climate Risk Index,it ranked seventh in the list of countries most affected by climate calamities during the period 1999–2018. Bangladesh's vulnerability to the effects of climate change is due to a combination of geographical factors,such as its flat,low-lying,and delta-exposed topography. and socio-economic factors,including its high population density,levels of poverty,and dependence on agriculture. The impacts and potential threats include sea level rise,temperature rise,food crisis,droughts,floods,and cyclones.
Climate change in Africa is an increasingly serious threat as Africa is among the most vulnerable continents to the effects of climate change. Some sources even classify Africa as "the most vulnerable continent on Earth". Climate change and climate variability will likely reduce agricultural production,food security and water security. As a result,there will be negative consequences on people's lives and sustainable development in Africa.
National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) was launched during February 2011 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with the funding from the Ministry of Agriculture,Government of India. The mega project has three major objectives of strategic research,technology demonstrations and capacity building. Assessment of the impact of climate change simultaneous with formulation of adaptive strategies is the prime approach under strategic research across all sectors of agriculture,dairying and fisheries.
The Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford in England was founded in 1991 "to organize and promote interdisciplinary research on the nature,causes and impact of environmental change and to contribute to the development of management strategies for coping with future environmental change".
Climate resilience is a concept to describe how well people or ecosystems are prepared to bounce back from certain climate hazard events. The formal definition of the term is the "capacity of social,economic and ecosystems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance". For example,climate resilience can be the ability to recover from climate-related shocks such as floods and droughts. Different actions can increase climate resilience of communities and ecosystems to help them cope. They can help to keep systems working in the face of external forces. For example,building a seawall to protect a coastal community from flooding might help maintain existing ways of life there.
Community resilience is the sustained ability of a community to use available resources to respond to,withstand,and recover from adverse situations. This allows for the adaptation and growth of a community after disaster strikes. Communities that are resilient are able to minimize any disaster,making the return to normal life as effortless as possible. By implementing a community resilience plan,a community can come together and overcome any disaster,while rebuilding physically and economically.
Colin Reginald Thorne is Chair of Physical Geography at the University of Nottingham. A fluvial geomorphologist with an educational background in environmental sciences,civil engineering and physical geography;he has published 9 books and over 120 journal papers and book chapters.
Nature-based solutions describe the development and use of nature (biodiversity) and natural processes to address diverse socio-environmental issues. These issues include climate change mitigation and adaptation,human security issues such as water security and food security,and disaster risk reduction. The aim is that resilient ecosystems provide solutions for the benefit of both societies and biodiversity. The 2019 UN Climate Action Summit highlighted nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change. For example,nature-based systems for climate change adaptation can include natural flood management,restoring natural coastal defences,and providing local cooling.
Ana Mijic is an associate professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Imperial College London who works in systems water management. She has expertise in advanced modelling of integrated water systems,as well as the analysis of processes,planning,resilience and economics.
The UK Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium (ITRC) was established in January 2011. The ITRC provides data and modelling to help governments,policymakers and other stakeholders in infrastructure make more sustainable and resilient infrastructure decisions. It is a collaboration between seven universities and more than 55 partners from infrastructure policy and practice.
Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in cities or other built environment,caused by rainfall or coastal storm surges overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems,such as storm sewers. Urban flooding can occur regardless of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water. It is triggered for example by an overflow of rivers and lakes,flash flooding or snowmelt. During the flood,stormwater or water released from damaged water mains may accumulate on property and in public rights-of-way. It can seep through building walls and floors,or backup into buildings through sewer pipes,cellars,toilets and sinks.
Upmanu Lall is an Indian-American engineer and founding director of the Water Institute at the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory at Arizona State University. Lall also has a faculty appointment as professor in the School of Complex Adaptive Systems within the College of Global Futures. Prior to joining ASU in January 2024,Lall was the Alan and Carol Silberstein Professor of Engineering at Columbia University. He served as founding director of the Columbia Water Center. Lall studies how to solve water scarcity and how to predict and mitigate floods. In 2014,he was awarded the Henry Darcy Medal by the European Geosciences Union. He was named an American Geophysical Union Fellow in 2017 and their Walter Langbein Lecturer in 2022. He was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2018,and has received the Arid Lands Hydrology and the Ven Te Chow Awards from the American Society of Civil Engineers. In April 2021 he was named to the “Hot List of the world’s 1,000 top climate scientists”by Reuters.
References
- ↑ "Professor Jim Hall - Environmental Change Institute - University of Oxford". www.eci.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- 1 2 "Who's Who in Civil Engineering at Oxford — Civil Engineering Research". www2.eng.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- 1 2 "Fellows | Linacre College". www.linacre.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ↑ "Membership". GOV.UK. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ↑ "The Commission".
- ↑ https://www.ice.org.uk/news-insight/news-and-blogs/latest-news/news/professor-jim-hall-presidential-address-2024
- ↑ "Royal Academy of Engineering, List of Fellows". Royal Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ↑ "Science Advisory Committee - IIASA". iiasa.ac.at. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ↑ Hall, James William (1999). Uncertainty management for coastal defence systems (Ph.D. thesis). University of Bristol. hdl:1983/9b1c8d07-24f0-48b9-bb7f-73d8d7c40ae6.
- ↑ "Richard Dawson replaces Jim Hall on the Climate Change Adaptation Committee". Newcastle University. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ↑ "Events | Oxford Networks for the Environment | University of Oxford". www.one.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ "Oxford Energy | Oxford Energy Network". www.energy.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ "People | Water". www.water.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ "JIM HALL". www.futureoffood.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ "PSIPW Announces Winners for 8th Award at UNISPACE+50 - PSIPW". www.psipw.org. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "ECI scientists awarded the 2018 Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Water Management and Protection Prize". www.eci.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "Risk Based Principles for defining and managing water security". ResearchGate. 9 April 2020 – via PubMed.
- ↑ Borgomeo, Edoardo; Mortazavi-Naeini, Mohammad; Hall, Jim W.; Guillod, Benoit P. (3 January 2018). "Risk, Robustness and Water Resources Planning Under Uncertainty". Earth's Future. 6 (3): 468–487. Bibcode:2018EaFut...6..468B. doi: 10.1002/2017EF000730 . hdl: 20.500.11850/260988 .
- ↑ Mortazavi-Naeini, Mohammad; Bussi, Gianbattista; Elliott, J. Alex; Hall, Jim W.; Whitehead, Paul G. (12 January 2019). "Assessment of Risks to Public Water Supply From Low Flows and Harmful Water Quality in a Changing Climate". Water Resources Research. 55 (12): 10386–10404. Bibcode:2019WRR....5510386M. doi: 10.1029/2018WR022865 . ISSN 0043-1397.
- ↑ Hall; Grey; Garrick; Fung; Brown; Dadson & Sadoff (2014). "Coping with the curse of freshwater variability". Science. 346 (6208): 429–430. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..429H. doi:10.1126/science.1257890. PMID 25342791. S2CID 206560244.
- ↑ Zeitoun, Mark; Lankford, Bruce; Krueger, Tobias; Forsyth, Tim; Carter, Richard; Hoekstra, Arjen Y.; Taylor, Richard; Varis, Olli; Cleaver, Frances; Boelens, Rutgerd; Swatuk, Larry (1 July 2016). "Reductionist and integrative research approaches to complex water security policy challenges". Global Environmental Change. 39: 143–154. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.04.010. hdl: 10150/621212 . ISSN 0959-3780. S2CID 49361708.
- ↑ Sadoff; Hall; Grey; Aerts; Ait-Kadi; Brown; Cox; Dadson; Garrick; Kelman; McCornick; Ringler; Rosegrant; Whittington & Wiberg (4 January 2015). "Securing Water, Sustaining Growth: Report of the GWP/OECD Task Force on Water Security and Sustainable Growth" (PDF). GWP/OECD Task Force Report– via University of Oxford.
- ↑ "Global Dialogue on Water Security and Sustainable Growth (2013-2015)". Global Water Partnership. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ Hall, Jim (26 April 2018). "Preparing for a Drier Future" (PDF).
- ↑ "Oxford working with the Environment Agency National Framework to help manage England's water resources | Water". www.water.ox.ac.uk. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ "RAPID". Ofwat. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ↑ "Water Resources Research". AGU Journals. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
- ↑ Hall; Dawson; Sayers; Rosu; Chatterton & Deakin (30 June 2003). "A methodology for national-scale flood risk assessment". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water and Maritime Engineering. 156 (3): 235–247. Bibcode:2003ICEW..156..235H. doi:10.1680/wame.2003.156.3.235 – via ICE.
- ↑ "Long-term investment scenarios (LTIS) 2019". GOV.UK. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ↑ "Thames Estuary 2100 (TE2100)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ↑ "The Pitt Review: Learning lessons from the 2007 floods" (PDF). UK National Archive. 25 June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ↑ "National Flood Resilience Review" (PDF). HM Government. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ↑ Begum; Stive & Hall (2007). Flood Risk Management in Europe: Innovation in Policy and Practice. London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4199-0.
- ↑ Beven & Hall (2014). Applied Uncertainty Analysis in Flood Risk Management. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-84816-270-9.
- ↑ Dickson; Walkden & Hall (30 June 2007). "Systemic impacts of climatic change on an eroding coast over the 21st Century". Climate Change. 81 (2): 141–166. doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9200-9. S2CID 128884404.
- ↑ Mokrech; Hanson; Nicholls; Wolf; Walkden; Fontaine; Nicholson-Cole; Jude; Leake; Stansby; Watkinson; Rounsevell; Lowe & Hall, J.W. (30 June 2011). "The Tyndall Coastal Simulator". Journal of Coastal Conservation. 15 (3): 325–335. Bibcode:2011JCC....15..325M. doi:10.1007/s11852-009-0083-6. S2CID 128484424.
- ↑ Payo, Andrés; Favis-Mortlock, David; Dickson, Mark; Hall, Jim W.; Hurst, Martin D.; Walkden, Mike J. A.; Townend, Ian; Ives, Matthew C.; Nicholls, Robert J.; Ellis, Michael A. (17 July 2017). "Coastal Modelling Environment version 1.0: a framework for integrating landform-specific component models in order to simulate decadal to centennial morphological changes on complex coasts". Geoscientific Model Development. 10 (7): 2715–2740. Bibcode:2017GMD....10.2715P. doi: 10.5194/gmd-10-2715-2017 . ISSN 1991-9603.
- ↑ "Managing the coast in a changing climate" (PDF). theCCC.org.uk. 7 October 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ↑ "Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1 December 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Stern Review, The Economics of Climate Change" (PDF). Brown University. 30 October 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Adaptation of Infrastructure Systems: Background Paper for the Global Commission on Adaptation" (PDF). Environmental Change Institute. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Global Center on Adaptation". gca.org. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Latest appointments to the Adaptation Sub-Committee of the Committee on Climate Change". GOV.UK. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Steering Committee -". University of Leeds - Climate Resilience. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "The UKCP18 peer review process" (PDF). The Met Office. 30 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "ITRC – The next generation of national infrastructure planning" . Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Programme Grants funded in 2010 - EPSRC website". epsrc.ukri.org. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "New modelling tools to help governments and decisions makers minimise the risks from infrastructure failures | University of Oxford". www.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "UK's first National Infrastructure Assessment is backed by ITRC analysis – ITRC" . Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Strategic Analysis of the future of national infrastructure". ResearchGate. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "DAFNI aims high with analytics for infrastructure". UKAuthority. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Groundbreaking computer software to improve UK resilience to extreme events - Science and Technology Facilities Council". stfc.ukri.org. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "SCD DAFNI Development Roadmap and Engagement Event". www.scd.stfc.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ Hall; Tran; Hickford & Nicholls (2016). The Future of National Infrastructure: A System of Systems Approach. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10758-874-5.
- ↑ "Infrastructure is key to unlocking sustainable development goals". Market Business News. 24 October 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Road to somewhere? Resilient infrastructure for sustainable…". Oxford Martin School. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "Resilience study research for NIC" (PDF). National Infrastructure Commission. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ "ITRC researcher wins Lloyd's Science of Risk Prize 2016 | Water". www.water.ox.ac.uk. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ↑ Hall & Lawry (1 April 2004). "Generation, combination and extension of random set approximations to coherent lower and upper probabilities". Reliability Engineering and Systems Safety. 85 (1–3): 89–101. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2004.03.005.
- ↑ Hall, Jim; Fu, Guangtao; Lawry, Jonathan (1 April 2007). "Imprecise probabilities of climate change: aggregation of fuzzy scenarios and model uncertainties". Climatic Change. 81 (3): 265–281. Bibcode:2007ClCh...81..265H. doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9175-6. ISSN 1573-1480. S2CID 154115536.
- ↑ "Jim Hall - Robust decisions under uncertainty: examples of info-gap analysis in mitigation policy and flood risk management". Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ↑ Kriegler; Hall; Held; Dawson & Schellnhuber (1 June 2009). "Imprecise probability assessment of tipping points in the climate system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (13): 5041–5046. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5041K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809117106 . PMC 2657590 . PMID 19289827.
- ↑ "AAC Publications - North America, United States, Alaska, Denali National Park, Thunder Mountain (Peak 10,920'), South Face, Peak 11,200', South Face, and The Moose's Tooth, Southwest Face, Attempt". publications.americanalpineclub.org. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ↑ "VBouldering magazine: Hot Chicks Who Climb". www.ukclimbing.com. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
- ↑ Kirkpatrick, Andy (2008). Psychovertical. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-192096-8. OCLC 230989202.
- ↑ "8th Award Ceremony of the Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water (PSIPW)". United Nations Web TV. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ "List of Fellows, Royal Academy of Engineering". Royal Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ Hall, J. W.; Dawson, R. J.; Sayers, P.; Rosu, C.; Chatterton, J.; Deakin, R. (2003). "A methodology for national-scale flood risk assessment". Maritime Engineering. 156 (3): 235–247. doi:10.1680/maen.156.3.235.37976.
- ↑ Hansford, Mark (4 October 2001). "Prop study scoops Telford Medal". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ "People – Oxford International Infrastructure Consortium" . Retrieved 28 August 2020.
