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A tire or tyre is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface over which the wheel travels. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, are pneumatically inflated structures, providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock as the tire rolls over rough features on the surface. Tires provide a footprint, called a contact patch, designed to match the vehicle's weight and the bearing on the surface that it rolls over by exerting a pressure that will avoid deforming the surface.
The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is an American multinational tire manufacturer headquartered in Akron, Ohio. Goodyear manufactures tires for passenger vehicles, aviation, commercial trucks, military and police vehicles, motorcycles, RVs, race cars, and heavy off-road machinery. It also licenses the Goodyear brand to bicycle tires manufacturers, returning from a break in production between 1976 and 2015. As of 2017, Goodyear is one of the top four tire manufacturers along with Bridgestone (Japan), Michelin (France), and Continental (Germany).
Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is an American tire company founded by Harvey S. Firestone (1868–1938) in 1900 initially to supply solid rubber side–wire tires for fire apparatus, and later, pneumatic tires for wagons, buggies, and other forms of wheeled transportation common in the era. Firestone soon saw the huge potential for marketing tires for automobiles, and the company was a pioneer in the mass production of tires. Harvey S. Firestone had a friendship with Henry Ford, and used this to become the original equipment supplier of Ford Motor Company automobiles, and was also active in the replacement market.
The Firestone and Ford tire controversy of the 1990s saw hundreds of people die in automobile crashes caused by the failure of Firestone tires installed on light trucks made by Ford Motor Company.
The Tire Society is a non-profit professional body, specifically an engineering society, whose mission is to increase and disseminate knowledge as it pertains to the science and technology of tires. It hosts a two-day meeting and conference every year. In addition, it publishes a peer reviewed technical journal, Tire Science and Technology.
Airless tires, non-pneumatic tires (NPT), or flat-free tires are tires that are not supported by air pressure. They can be used on small vehicles such as ride-on lawn mowers and motorized golf carts. They also are used on heavy equipment required to operate on sites where risk of tire punctures is high. Tires composed of closed-cell polyurethane foam are also made for bicycles and wheelchairs.
Robert Byron Pipes is an educator, researcher in polymer sciences and was the seventeenth president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Jan Drewes Achenbach was a professor emeritus at Northwestern University. Achenbach was born in the northern region of the Netherlands, in Leeuwarden. He studied aeronautics at Delft University of Technology, which he finished with a M.Sc. degree in 1959. Thereafter, he went to the United States, Stanford University, where he received his Ph.D. degree in 1962. After working for a year as a preceptor at Columbia University, he was then appointed as assistant professor at Northwestern University.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to tires:
Alan Neville Gent was a professor at the University of Akron. He was recognized during his lifetime as a world-leading authority on the topics of adhesion physics, crystalline and glassy polymers, and the fracturing of rubber.
The Charles Goodyear Medal is the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society, Rubber Division. Established in 1941, the award is named after Charles Goodyear, the discoverer of vulcanization, and consists of a gold medal, a framed certificate and prize money. The medal honors individuals for "outstanding invention, innovation, or development which has resulted in a significant change or contribution to the nature of the rubber industry". Awardees give a lecture at an ACS Rubber Division meeting, and publish a review of their work in the society's scientific journal Rubber Chemistry and Technology.
The Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award is a professional award conferred by the ACS Rubber Division. Established in 1983, the award is named after Melvin Mooney, developer of the Mooney viscometer and of the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic law. The award consists of an engraved plaque and prize money. The medal honors individuals "who have exhibited exceptional technical competency by making significant and repeated contributions to rubber science and technology".
Mary Cunningham Boyce is a professor of engineering at Columbia University. She was provost of Columbia University from July 2021 to June 2023. Previously, she was dean of the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science from 2013 to 2021.
Ellen Marie Arruda is an American mechanical engineer known for her research on the mechanical properties of polymers and on tissue engineering, with applications including the design of improved football helmets, artificial tooth enamel that can withstand high-shock and high-vibration environments, and nanolayered composite materials that are lightweight, as strong as steel, and transparent. The Arruda–Boyce model for the behavior of rubber-like polymers is named for her and her doctoral advisor Mary Cunningham Boyce, with whom she published it in 1993. She is Maria Comninou Collegiate Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Tim Manganello / Borg Warner Department Chair of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan.
Steven M. Cron is a retired Michelin product research engineer and co-inventor of the Tweel.
Michelle S. Hoo Fatt is an American mechanical engineer whose research concerns the mechanics of blasts, impacts, buckling, and the ability of sandwich-structured composite materials to resist blasts and ballistic impacts. She is a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Akron.
Joseph Padovan is a retired University of Akron Distinguished Professor known for pioneering finite element procedures for analysis of rolling tires.
Maria D. Ellul is a retired ExxonMobil materials scientist known for her contributions to and development of commercial polyolefin and polyamide specialty thermoplastic elastomers, and recognized as one of the first prominent women scientists in the rubber industry.
Samuel Kelly Clark was a professor in the Department of Engineering Mechanics at the University of Michigan who was known for contributions to the science of tires. His 1971 monograph Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires was considered by many in the tire industry to be its most important engineering text.
Marion G. Pottinger is an American mechanical engineer known for his work on tire footprint mechanics, tire wear and tire force and moment behavior.
References
- ↑ "Tire Technology international Blog". tiretechnologyinternational.com. UKi Media. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ "Joseph Walter earns Tire Society Distinguished Service Award". Rubber News. Crain. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ Walter, J. D. (1978). "Cord—rubber tire composites: theory and applications". Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 51 (3): 524–576. doi:10.5254/1.3535749.
- ↑ Walter, J. D.; Conant, F. S. (1974). "Energy losses in tires". Tire Science and Technology. 2 (4): 235–260. doi:10.2346/1.2167188.
- ↑ "Instructor Biographies" (PDF). sae.org. Society of Automotive Engineers. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ Gent, Alan N.; Walter, Joseph D. (2006). The Pneumatic Tire (PDF). NHTSA. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ Clark, S. K. (1971). Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ "Study Committee Biographical Information National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Tires and Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy: Informing Consumers, Improving Performance -- Special Report 286. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11620". nap.nationalacademies.org. National Academies Press. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
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