Joseph Smith and the criminal justice system

Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, was charged with approximately thirty criminal actions during his life, and at least that many financial civil suits. ^[1] Another source reports that Smith was arrested at least 42 times, including in the states of New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. ^[2]

In 1844, Smith was killed by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, while in jail awaiting trial on charges of inciting a riot for ordering the destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor , a newspaper critical of Smith which accused him of practicing polygamy, and for treason against the State of Illinois for calling out the Nauvoo Legion contrary to the orders of the Governor of Illinois.

Overview

Bainbridge

Kirtland

Far
West

Nauvoo

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Joseph Smith encountered the criminal justice system in New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois.

While in New York, Smith faced charges of being a "disorderly person" in 1826 and 1830. In Ohio, he was arrested multiple times on a variety of charges. On January 12, 1838, a warrant was issued for Smith's arrest on a charge of banking fraud. Rather than submit to arrest, Smith fled the jurisdiction, escaping Ohio into Missouri.

In Missouri, he was accused of threatening a public official. After his loss in the 1838 Mormon War, Smith was charged with treason against Missouri. Smith was allowed to escape custody and fled the jurisdiction, escaping into Illinois.

In Illinois, Smith faced arrests in connection to his Missouri charges, including a later indictment on the charge of conspiring to assassinate the former Governor of Missouri (while Smith was residing in Illinois). In 1844, he was charged with inciting a riot in the destruction of the Nauvoo Expositor . Smith declared martial law and called out the Nauvoo Legion to enforce it—leading to charges of treason against Illinois. While in jail awaiting trial, Smith was killed by a mob.

Religious significance in Mormonism

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) considers Smith to be a persecuted prophet. The Church website states: ^[3]

Few have confronted more antagonism and trials than did Joseph Smith. He was besieged with dozens of unjustified lawsuits and was often in jeopardy of his life. He was poisoned, beaten, tarred, unjustly imprisoned, and once sentenced to die by firing squad. He and Emma seldom had a home of their own, and six of their children died in infancy. Financial difficulties continually plagued the family.

"As for the perils which I am called to pass through," Joseph reflected, "they seem but a small thing to me, as the envy and wrath of man have been my common lot all the days of my life. It all has become a second nature to me; and I feel, like Paul, to glory in tribulation; for to this day has the God of my fathers delivered me out of them all."

Mormons often liken the treatment of Smith to the persecution of other biblical figures who faced religious persecution. ^[4] Smith is considered a martyr by the LDS Church due to his 1844 death at the hands of mob while awaiting trial. ^[5]

Chronology of charges

In New York (1817–30)

Bainbridge

Smith was born in Vermont in 1805, and his family moved to New York in 1817. At age 20, Smith—described in court records as "Joseph the glasslooker"—faced his first criminal charge, a misdemeanor count of being a "disorderly person". In 1830, he faced the same charge. Smith left New York for Ohio.

Disorderly person, March 1826

On March 20, 1826, Smith, age 20, was arrested by Constable Philip De Zeng ^[6] and taken to court in Bainbridge, New York, on the complaint of Josiah Stowell's nephew, who accused Smith of being "a disorderly person and an imposter." ^[7] An anonymous writer claimed to have been given access to an account of court proceedings, which was published in Fraser's Magazine during 1873. In it, Smith described his divination methods.

[Smith said] he had a certain stone which he had occasionally looked at to determine where hidden treasures in the bowels of the earth were; that he professed to tell in this manner where gold mines were a distance under ground, and had looked for Mr. Stowel several times, and had informed him where he could find these treasures, and Mr. Stowel had been engaged in digging for them. That at Palmyra he pretended to tell by looking at this stone where coined money was buried in Pennsylvania, and while at Palmyra had frequently ascertained in that way where lost property was of various kinds; that he had occasionally been in the habit of looking through this stone to find lost property for three years, but of late had pretty much given it up on account of its injuring his health, especially his eyes, making them sore; that he did not solicit business of this kind, and had always rather declined having anything to do with this business. ... And therefore the Court find the Defendant guilty. Costs: Warrant, 19c. Complaint upon oath, 25 1/2c. Seven witnesses, 87 1/2c. Recognisances, 25c. Mittimus, 19c. Recognisances of witnesses, 75c. Subpoena, 18c. - $2.68. ^[8]

This account has been corroborated by later discoveries, such as Justice Neely's bill of costs which refers to Joseph Smith as "The Glass Looker," (i.e. a diviner), discovered in 1971 by Wesley P. Walters. ^[9] The total costs exactly matched the amount in Fraser's Magazine. However, other contradictory accounts of the trial have also been published ^{[10] [11]} which brings the authenticity of the accounts into question. ^[9] In 1838, Joseph Smith stated that he had, in fact, worked for Josiah Stowell but Smith avoided mentioning the court hearing and downplayed his role by claiming to be a mere bystander. Smith said that Stowell had heard of a lost Spanish silver mine near Harmony, Pennsylvania, and wanted to find it. According to Smith, Stowell "took me, with the rest of his hands, to dig for the silver mine, at which I continued to work for nearly a month, without success in our undertaking, and finally I prevailed with the old gentleman to cease digging after it. Hence arose the very prevalent story of my having been a money-digger." ^[12]

Disorderly person, June 1830

Constable Ebenezer Hatch arrested Smith on June 30, 1830, held him over night, and brought him before Justice Joseph P. Chamberlin on a charge of being a disorderly person. ^[13] Smith was transported to South Bainbridge, New York. His two-day trial took place in late June, ending on July 1, 1830, ^[14] and he was defended by two attorneys hired by Joseph Knight. ^[15] Smith was acquitted. ^[16] Immediately after his release, however, he was arrested again and transported back to Colesville for a second trial; he was acquitted again. ^[17]

In Ohio (1831–38)

Kirtland

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Kirtland, in Lake County, Ohio

In Ohio, Smith faced numerous charges, including charges of assault, illegal banking and banking fraud. In 1838, he fled Ohio for Missouri.

Assault on Calvin Stoddard, April 1835

In April 1835, Smith was charged with assaulting his brother-in-law Calvin, husband of Smith's sister Sophronia. Smith was acquitted. ^[18]

Illegal banking, February 1837

See also: Kirtland Safety Society

In February 1837, Samuel D. Rounds swore a writ against Smith and Sidney Rigdon for illegal banking and issuing unauthorized bank paper. At a hearing on March 24, the court found sufficient evidence for the case to go to trial. In October, Smith and Rigdon were tried in absentia after having left Ohio for Upper Canada. They were each found guilty and each fined $1000. ^{[19] [20]}

"He was arrested seven times in four months, and his followers managed heroically to raise the $38,428 required for bail." ^[21]

Conspiracy to murder Grandison Newell, June 1837

According to Grandison Newell, Smith had conspired with Solomon Denton and Marvel C. Davis to murder him for Newell's impugning the integrity of the founders of the Kirtland Safety Society.

On June 3, Smith appeared before Justice Flint in a preliminary hearing. Orson Hyde testified that "Smith seemed much excited and declared that Newell should be put out of the way, or where the crows could not find him: he said destroying Newell would be justifiable in the sight of God, that it was the will of God". ^[22] Denton testified that he, along with Davis, were tasked with murdering Newell. According to Denton, Smith spoke of "Newell; said he had injured the society, and that it was better for one man to suffer than to have the whole community disturbed; that it was the will of Heaven that Newell should be put out of the way, and that he would take the responsibility, for the deed was justifiable in the sight of God, and would be rewarded: but when we had killed him, he wanted his body secreted if possible." ^[22] Smith was released on a $500 bond.

On June 9, at hearing before the County Court, Smith appeared and the charges against him were dismissed. ^[23]

Banking fraud, 1838

After a warrant was issued for Smith's arrest on a charge of banking fraud, Smith and Rigdon fled Kirtland for Missouri on the night of January 12, 1838. ^{[24] [25]}

In Missouri (1838–39)

Far West

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Far West, in Caldwell County, Missouri

While in Missouri, Smith faced charges of threatening a public official and later, treason. He was allowed to escape custody and fled to Illinois.

Threats to Judge Adam Black, August 1838

On August 8, Smith led an armed group of over a hundred and surrounded the home of Justice of the Peace Adam Black, who had been elected Judge two days earlier. ^[26] William P. Peniston gave a sworn statement about the events, and on August 10, 1838, Judge King issued a warrant for the arrest of Smith and Lyman Wight. On August 28, Judge Black gave his own sworn statement of the events. ^[27]

Sheriff Morgan attempted to arrest Wight, but arrived at Wight's home only to find Wight was protected by an armed force of about 100 men. Missouri newspapers reported that Wight had said "that he would not be taken alive—that the law had never protected him, and he owed them no obedience—that the whole state of Missouri could not take him". ^[28]

Around August 16, Sheriff William Morgan (of Daviess County), accompanied by Judge Morin, traveled to Far West in Caldwell County, to serve the warrant on Smith. ^[29] Smith refused to return to Daviess County. ^[26]

On September 7, Judge King conducted a hearing and found sufficient evidence to send the case to a grand jury. Smith was released on a $500 bond. ^[30]

Missouri treason case, November 1838–39

See also: 1838 Mormon War and Liberty Jail

After the surrender of Mormon forces on November 2, 1838, Smith was surrendered to authorities, arrested and imprisoned in the jail at Liberty, Missouri. ^{[31] [32] [33]} On November 12, 1838, Judge King found "probable cause to believe that Joseph Smith, Jr, Lyman Wight, Hiram Smith, Alexander McRay & Caleb Baldwin are guilty of Overt acts of Treason in Daviess County". ^[34] Smith and other Mormons continued to be held at Liberty Jail. ^{[32] [35]}

After a hearing conducted April 9–11, 1839, Smith was indicted by grand jury on the charge of treason. ^[36]

On April 16, 1839, Smith and his companions were permitted to escape custody while they were being escorted to Boone County. ^{[1] [37]} Smith fled across the border to Illinois. Missouri would spend several years attempting to apprehend and extradite Smith.

In Illinois (1839–44)

Nauvoo

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Nauvoo, in Hancock County, IL

After fleeing Missouri, Smith faced attempts to extradite him to Missouri on charges of treason and conspiracy to commit murder. Illinois officials charged Smith with incitement of a riot and later, treason against Illinois.

Smith was killed by a mob while he was jailed awaiting trial.

Arrest for fleeing Missouri, 1841

On June 5, 1841, Smith was arrested as a fugitive from Missouri justice. On June 10, he was freed by Judge Stephen A. Douglas. ^{[38] [39] [40]}

Conspiracy to murder Governor Boggs, 1842–43

Main article: Attempted assassination of Lilburn Boggs

On August 8, 1842, Smith and Porter Rockwell were arrested by Illinois law enforcement for their alleged roles in the attempted assassination of former Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs. The Municipal Court of Nauvoo released Smith and Rockwell, after which they went into hiding. Smith ultimately surrendered to authorities on December 30, and on January 2, 1843, the extradition warrant was quashed by a federal judge in Springfield.

Missouri treason case, June 1843

On June 6, 1843, Smith was indicted by a grand jury in the circuit court of Daviess County, Missouri, on the charge of treason against the state. On June 13, 1843, Governor Reynolds dispatched Sheriff Joseph H. Reynolds to apprehend Smith. In Illinois, Reynolds was joined by Constable Harmon T. Wilson of Hancock County, Illinois. On June 21, the two placed Smith under arrest near Dixon, Illinois.

Once they had Smith in their custody, Reynolds and Wilson were themselves placed under arrest by Sheriff Campbell of Lee County, Illinois. Campbell transported Smith, Reynolds, and Wilson to the Municipal Court of Nauvoo. On July 1, the Municipal Court of Nauvoo quashed the warrant and freed Smith. ^{[41] [ unreliable source? ]}

Perjury, fornication and polygamy, May 1844

In May 1844, a Hancock County grand jury indicted Smith for perjury, fornication and polygamy. The charge of perjury was based on testimony by Joseph H. Jackson and Robert D. Foster, while William Law's testimony led to charges of fornication and polygamy. ^[42] Smith appeared before the Circuit Court and his trial was postponed until the next term of the court. ^{[42] [43]}

Inciting a riot destroying the Nauvoo Expositor, June 1844

Main article: Nauvoo Expositor

Page from the only issue of the Nauvoo Expositor

The Nauvoo Expositor was a newspaper that published only one issue, which was dated June 7, 1844. The Expositor was founded by several seceders from Smith's church and was critical of Smith and other church leaders. Those who published the Expositor espoused a belief in Mormonism, but criticized Smith for doctrines such as plural marriage and exaltation. ^[44]

As mayor, Smith and the Nauvoo City Council declared the newspaper a public nuisance and ordered the press destroyed. ^[45] The town marshal carried out the order that evening. ^[46]

On June 11, the Hancock County Justice of the Peace issued a warrant for the arrest of Smith and 17 other individuals on charges of inciting a riot. ^[47] Constable David Bettisworth was tasked with arresting Smith and conveying him to the Hancock County Court. Rather than return with Bettisworth court, Smith instead petitioned the Municipal Court of Nauvoo to dismiss the charges. ^[48]

Smith declared martial law in Nauvoo on June 18 ^[49] and called out the Nauvoo Legion, an organized city militia of about 5,000 men. ^{[49] [50]} In response, Governor Ford organized a state militia to arrest Smith.

Smith fled Illinois to avoid arrest, crossing the Mississippi River into Iowa. On June 23, a posse under the command of the governor entered Nauvoo to execute the arrest warrant, but they were unable to locate Smith. ^[48]

On June 25, Smith and his co-defendants surrendered to Constable Bettisworth on the original charge of inciting a riot. An arraignment was held on the rioting charge and Justice Robert F. Smith granted bail of $500 for each of the defendants. ^[51]

Treason against Illinois, June 1844

After bail was granted under the previous charge, Augustine Spencer immediately swore out a warrant alleging that Smith had committed treason by "calling out the [Nauvoo] Legion to resist the force under the command of the Governor." ^[52] On June 24, 1844, a warrant was issued charging that "Joseph Smith, late of the county aforesaid, did, on or about the nineteenth day of June. A. D. 1844, at the county and state aforesaid, commit the crime of treason against the government and people of the State of Illinois".

Bail could not be granted for a charge of treason, so Smith was placed in jail where he was accompanied by his brother, Hyrum Smith, and other associates. On June 27, Smith and Hyrum were killed by a mob in jail while they were awaiting trial.

Table of events

Warrant date	Age	Charge	Issuing judge	Co-defendants	Outcome
March 20, 1826	21	Disorderly person	Albert Neely		Disputed [53] [54]
June 1830	25	Disorderly person	Joseph P. Chamberlin		Not guilty
June 1830	25	Disorderly person	Three justices forming a court of special sessions		Not guilty
April 1835	30	Assault on Calvin Stoddard	Lewis Miller		Not guilty [55]
February 1837	32	Illegal banking		Sidney Rigdon	Guilty (tried in absentia), each fined $1000
June 1837	32	Conspiracy to murder Grandison Newell	Justice Flint, Justice Humphrey		Charges dismissed
January 1838	33	Banking fraud			Fled from Ohio to Missouri
August 10, 1838	33	Threatening Judge Adam Black	Austin A King	Lyman Wight	Grand jury hearing scheduled but Smith fled to Illinois
November 12, 1838	33	Treason against Missouri	Austin A King	Lyman Wight, Hyrum Smith, Alexander McRay, Caleb Baldwin	Escaped custody and fled from Missouri to Illinois
August 1842	37	Conspiracy to murder Gov. Boggs	Illinois Governor Thomas Carlin	Porter Rockwell	In hiding from Aug 10 to Dec 30; surrendered and was freed by US District Court on Jan 2, 1843
June 6, 1843	38	Treason against Missouri	Daviess County Grand Jury		Illinois courts rejected Missouri's requests for extradition
May 1844	38	Perjury, fornication and adultery	Hancock County Grand Jury		Trial scheduled; killed while awaiting trial
June 11, 1844	38	Inciting a riot	Thomas Morrison	Samuel Bennett, John Taylor, William W. Phelps, Hyrum Smith, John P. Greene, Stephen Perry, Dimick B. Huntington, Jonathan Dunham, Stephen Markham, William Edwards, Jonathan Holmes, Jesse P. Harmon, John Lytle, Joseph W. Coolidge, Harvey D. Redfield, Porter Rockwell, and Levi Richards	Granted $500 bail; killed while awaiting trial
June 24, 1844	38	Treason against Illinois	Robert F. Smith	Hyrum Smith	Killed while awaiting trial

References

1. "Legal Trials of Joseph Smith". Encyclopedia of Mormonism. MacMillan. 1992. p. 1346. Archived from the original on 16 Nov 2022 – via BYU.edu.
2. Cullimore, James (January 4, 1977), "Devotional, Brigham Young University", Speeches.BYU.edu, Brigham Young University
3. "Trials and Persecutions", churchofjesuschrist.org, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4. Taylor, John (1844). Doctrine and Covenants section 135. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. p. 281.
5. Joseph I. Bentley, "Martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith", in Daniel H. Ludlow (ed.), Encyclopedia of Mormonism (New York: Macmillan, 1992).
6. Madsen, Gordon A. (Spring 1990), "Joseph Smith's 1826 Trial: The Legal Setting", BYU Studies , 30 (2): ^{[ page needed ]}, archived from the original on 2013-12-14
7. Vogel 2004 , pp. 81.
8. A visitor to Salt Lake City (1873), "The Original Prophet", Fraser's Magazine , 7: 229
9. Hill, Marvin S. (1972), "Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties", BYU Studies, 12: 2
10. W. D. Purple., Joseph Smith The Originator of Mormonism, Greene, April 28, 1877.
11. A. W. Benton, Mormonites, Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate, Utica, N.Y., April 9, 1831.
12. Smith, Joseph. "Joseph Smith History 1:56". Joseph Smith--History 1:56. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
13. Marquardt, H. Michael (n.d.), "Joseph Smith Early Documents", user.xmission.com/~research/early/ (Self-published), H. Michael Marquardt , retrieved 2013-11-05
14. Walters 1974 , p. 124
15. The attorneys were John S. Reid and James Davidson: Roberts 1902 , p. 89
16. Roberts 1902 , pp. 89–90
17. Roberts 1902 , pp. 90–96
18. "Account of Trial, circa 20 June 1835 [State of Ohio v. JS for Assault and Battery], Page 3". www.josephsmithpapers.org.
19. Adams, Dale W. (Fall 1983), "Chartering the Kirtland Bank", BYU Studies , 23 (4): ^{[ page needed ]}, archived from the original on 2011-11-07
20. Broadhurst, Dale R. (March 2001), "Crisis At Kirtland", OliverCowdery.com (self-published), Dale R. Broadhurst, retrieved 2013-11-06
21. Brodie, Fawn M. (1973). No Man Knows My History. Vintage Books. pp. 199–202.
22. "Old Mormon Articles: Painesville Telegraph 1836-44". www.sidneyrigdon.com.
23. "Crisis at Kirtland: Episode 4 Sec. 2". olivercowdery.com.
24. Brodie 1971 , p. 207; Bushman 2005 , pp. 339–40; Hill 1977 , p. 216 (noting that Smith characterized the warrant as "mob violence ... under the color of legal process").
25. "LDS Church History: LDS History, 1838 12 January".
26. "Volume 3 Chapter 7 – BYU Studies". byustudies.byu.edu.
27. http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/findingaids/fulltext/rg005_01-B01_F01-15.asp?rid=f10_f01 ^{[ bare URL ]}
28. "Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Missouri, 1838-1840". www.sidneyrigdon.com.
29. "Journal, March–September 1838, Page 70". josephsmithpapers.org.
30. "LDS Church History: LDS History, 30 August 1838".
31. Anderson 1994
32. Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841 , pp. 153–163
33. Bushman 2005 , pp. 363–372
34. "RG005_01: Mormon War Papers, Box 2 - Folders 25-30". September 18, 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18.
35. "1838 Senate Document No. 189: Testimony on the Trial of Joseph Smith". www.olivercowdery.com.
36. "LDS Church History: LDS History, 6 Apr. 1839".
37. Bushman 2005 , p. 375; Brodie 1971 , pp. 253–55 (Saying that Smith bribed the guards with whiskey and money); Bushman 2005 , pp. 382, 635–36 (noting that the prisoners believed they were an embarrassment to Missouri officials, and that Governor Boggs's Extermination Order would cause a scandal if widely publicized)
38. "Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Missouri, 1841-1850". www.sidneyrigdon.com.
39. "Uncle Dale's Old Mormon Articles: Quincy Whig, Herald, etc. (1841)". www.sidneyrigdon.com.
40. "Volume 4 Chapter 21 – BYU Studies". byustudies.byu.edu.
41. "Chapter 33: Missouri's Third Attempt to Capture Joseph Smith / Essentials in Church History / BenCrowder.net". Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
42. "Volume 6 Chapter 20 – BYU Studies". byustudies.byu.edu.
43. ("Withers, a material witness" was absent)
44. "Polygamy, Persecution And Power" Archived 2017-11-12 at the Wayback Machine , Salt Lake Tribune , June 16, 1996, paragraph 16, 17
45. History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints volume VI (1912), pp. 430–32. The council met on June 8 and June 10 to discuss the matter.
46. https://books.google.com/books?id=pGi-iiz6juYC&pg=PA432&lpg=PA432 History of the Church vol. 6 (1912), p. 432: "The Council passed an ordinance declaring the Nauvoo Expositor a nuisance, and also issued an order to me to abate the said nuisance. I immediately ordered the Marshall to destroy it without delay."
47. "Warrant for Arrest of Smith on the Charge of Rioting (June 12, 1844)". law2.umkc.edu.
48. "Chapter 35: The Martyrdom / Essentials in Church History / BenCrowder.net". Archived from the original on 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
49. Firmage, Edwin Brown; Mangrum, Richard Collin (2001). Zion in the courts. University of Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN   0-252-06980-3.
50. "Military Service Records of LDS Men". Genealogy Gateway. 1995. Retrieved 15 June 2009. Paragraph 6.
51. "Volume 6 Chapter 31 – BYU Studies". byustudies.byu.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
52. "Rocky Mountain Saints - Chapter XXV". October 10, 2003. Archived from the original on 2003-10-10.
53. "JOSEPH SMITH – EARLY DOCUMENTS – ORIGINS – MORMONISM". user.xmission.com.
54. "D. Vogel, "Rethinking the 1826 Judicial Decision"". mormonscripturestudies.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09.
55. https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/introduction-to-state-of-ohio-v-js-for-assault-and-battery/1

Works cited

• Anderson, Richard L (1994), "Clarification of Boggs' 'Order' and Joseph Smith's Constitutionalism", in Garr, Arnold K.; Johnson, Clark V. (eds.), Regional Studies in Latter-day Saint History: Missouri, Provo, Utah: Department of Church History and Doctrine, Brigham Young University, 1994, pp. 27–70, retrieved 12 April 2011^{[ permanent dead link ]}.
• Brodie, Fawn M. (1971). No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN   0-394-46967-4.
• Bushman, Richard Lyman (2005). Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN   1-4000-4270-4.
• Hill, Donna (1977). Joseph Smith: The First Mormon . Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. ISBN   0-385-00804-X.
• Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri (1841), Document containing the correspondence, orders, &c., in relation to the disturbances with the Mormons; and the evidence given before the Hon. Austin A. King, judge of the Fifth judicial circuit of the state of Missouri, at the Court-house in Richmond, in a criminal court of inquiry, begun November 12, 1838, on the trial of Joseph Smith, Jr., and others, for high treason and other crimes against the state., Fayette, Missouri: Printed at the Office of the Boon's Lick Democrat, OCLC   7835420 , retrieved 14 April 2011.
• Roberts, B. H., ed. (1902), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, vol. 1, Salt Lake City: Deseret News.
• Vogel, Dan (2004). Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet. Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books. ISBN   1-56085-179-1.
• Walters, Wesley P. (1974), "Joseph Smith's Bainbridge, N.Y., Court Trials", Westminster Theological Journal, 36 (2): 123–155.

Further reading

• Madsen, Gordon A; Walker, Jeffrey N; Welch, John W, eds. (2014), Sustaining the Law: Joseph Smith's Legal Encounters, Provo, Utah: BYU Studies, ISBN   978-1-938896-70-5, OCLC   864676743