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In the Hebrew Bible,Tophet or Topheth is a location in Jerusalem in the Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna),where worshipers engaged in a ritual involving "passing a child through the fire",most likely child sacrifice. Traditionally,the sacrifices have been ascribed to a god named Moloch. The Bible condemns and forbids these sacrifices,and the tophet is eventually destroyed by king Josiah,although mentions by the prophets Jeremiah,Ezekiel,and Isaiah suggest that the practices associated with the tophet may have persisted.
Utica was an ancient Phoenician and Carthaginian city located near the outflow of the Medjerda River into the Mediterranean,between Carthage in the south and Hippo Diarrhytus in the north. It is traditionally considered to be the first colony to have been founded by the Phoenicians in North Africa. After Carthage's loss to Rome in the Punic Wars,Utica was an important Roman colony for seven centuries.
The Punic religion,Carthaginian religion,or Western Phoenician religion in the western Mediterranean was a direct continuation of the Phoenician variety of the polytheistic ancient Canaanite religion. However,significant local differences developed over the centuries following the foundation of Carthage and other Punic communities elsewhere in North Africa,southern Spain,Sardinia,western Sicily,and Malta from the ninth century BC onward. After the conquest of these regions by the Roman Republic in the third and second centuries BC,Punic religious practices continued,surviving until the fourth century AD in some cases. As with most cultures of the ancient Mediterranean,Punic religion suffused their society and there was no stark distinction between religious and secular spheres. Sources on Punic religion are poor. There are no surviving literary sources and Punic religion is primarily reconstructed from inscriptions and archaeological evidence. An important sacred space in Punic religion appears to have been the large open air sanctuaries known as tophets in modern scholarship,in which urns containing the cremated bones of infants and animals were buried. There is a long-running scholarly debate about whether child sacrifice occurred at these locations,as suggested by Greco-Roman and biblical sources.
Peter Sidney Derow was Hody Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History at Wadham College,Oxford and University Lecturer in Ancient History from 1977 to 2006. As a scholar he was most noted for his work on Hellenistic and Roman Republican history and epigraphy,particularly on the histories of Polybius.
Dame Professor Averil Millicent Cameron,often cited as A. M. Cameron,is a British historian. She writes on Late Antiquity,Classics,and Byzantine Studies. She was Professor of Late Antique and Byzantine History at the University of Oxford,and the Warden of Keble College,Oxford,between 1994 and 2010.
The Punic people,usually known as the Carthaginians,were a Semitic people who migrated from Phoenicia to the Western Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age. In modern scholarship,the term Punic,the Latin equivalent of the Greek-derived term Phoenician,is exclusively used to refer to Phoenicians in the western Mediterranean,following the line of the Greek East and Latin West. The largest Punic settlement was Ancient Carthage,but there were 300 other settlements along the North African coast from Leptis Magna in modern Libya to Mogador in southern Morocco,as well as western Sicily,southern Sardinia,the southern and eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula,Malta,and Ibiza. Their language,Punic,was a variety of Phoenician,one of the Northwest Semitic languages originating in the Levant.
The city of Carthage was founded in the 9th century BC on the coast of Northwest Africa,in what is now Tunisia,as one of a number of Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean created to facilitate trade from the city of Tyre on the coast of what is now Lebanon. The name of both the city and the wider republic that grew out of it,Carthage developed into a significant trading empire throughout the Mediterranean. The date from which Carthage can be counted as an independent power cannot exactly be determined,and probably nothing distinguished Carthage from the other Phoenician colonies in Northwest Africa and the Mediterranean during 800–700 BC. By the end of the 7th century BC,Carthage was becoming one of the leading commercial centres of the West Mediterranean region. After a long conflict with the emerging Roman Republic,known as the Punic Wars,Rome finally destroyed Carthage in 146 BC. A Roman Carthage was established on the ruins of the first. Roman Carthage was eventually destroyed—its walls torn down,its water supply cut off,and its harbours made unusable—following its conquest by Arab invaders at the close of the 7th century. It was replaced by Tunis as the major regional centre,which has spread to include the ancient site of Carthage in a modern suburb.
Edith Hall,is a British scholar of classics,specialising in ancient Greek literature and cultural history,and professor in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at Durham University. She is a Fellow of the British Academy. From 2006 until 2011 she held a chair at Royal Holloway,University of London,where she founded and directed the Centre for the Reception of Greece and Rome until November 2011. She resigned over a dispute regarding funding for classics after leading a public campaign,which was successful,to prevent cuts to or the closure of the Royal Holloway Classics department. Until 2022,she was a professor at the Department of Classics at King's College London. She also co-founded and is Consultant Director of the Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama at Oxford University,Chair of the Gilbert Murray Trust,and Judge on the Stephen Spender Prize for poetry translation. Her prizewinning doctoral thesis was awarded at Oxford. In 2012 she was awarded a Humboldt Research Prize to study ancient Greek theatre in the Black Sea,and in 2014 she was elected to the Academy of Europe. She lives in Cambridgeshire.
Ancient Carthage was an ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa. Initially a settlement in present-day Tunisia,it later became a city-state and then an empire. Founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC,Carthage reached its height in the fourth century BC as one of the largest metropoleis in the world. It was the centre of the Carthaginian Empire,a major power led by the Punic people who dominated the ancient western and central Mediterranean Sea. Following the Punic Wars,Carthage was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC,who later rebuilt the city lavishly.
In several ancient Semitic-speaking cultures and associated historical regions,the shopheṭ or shofeṭ was a community leader of significant civic stature,often functioning as a chief magistrate with authority roughly equivalent to Roman consular powers.
Andrew Ian Wilson is a British classical archaeologist and Head of School of Archaeology at the University of Oxford. He was director of the Oxford Institute of Archaeology from 2009 to 2011. Wilson's main research interests are the economy of the Roman world,Greek and Roman water supply,and ancient technology.
Elizabeth Barringer Fentress is a Roman archaeologist who specialises in Italy and North Africa. She has collaborated on the excavation of numerous sites in the Western Mediterranean and published their results. She is also the originator and scientific director of the online database of excavations in Italy,Bulgaria and elsewhere Fasti Online (www.fastionline.org),and editor of its journal Fasti Online Documents &Research (FOLD&R). In 2021 she was awarded the Archaeological Institute of America's 2022 gold medal for distinguished archaeological achievement.
The Phoenicians were an ancient Semitic group of people who lived in the Phoenician city-states along a coastal strip in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean,primarily modern Lebanon. They developed a maritime civilization which expanded and contracted throughout history,with the core of their culture stretching from Arwad in modern Syria to Mount Carmel. The Phoenicians extended their cultural influence through trade and colonization throughout the Mediterranean,from Cyprus to the Iberian Peninsula.
Miriam Tamara Griffin was an American classical scholar and tutor of ancient history at Somerville College at the University of Oxford from 1967 to 2002. She was a scholar of Roman history and ancient thought,and wrote books on the Emperor Nero and his tutor,Seneca,encouraging an appreciation of the philosophical writings of the ancient Romans within their historical context.
Emily Joanna Gowers,is a British classical scholar. She is Professor of Latin Literature at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of St John's College,Cambridge. She is an expert on Horace,Augustan literature,and the history of food in the Roman world.
Fiona Macintosh is professor of classical reception at the University of Oxford,director of the Archive of Performances of Greek and Roman Drama,curator of the Ioannou Centre,and a Fellow of St Hilda's College,Oxford.
Judith Sheila McKenzie was an Australian archaeologist whose work primarily focused on the architecture of the ancient Middle East. At the time of her death,McKenzie was Associate Professor of Late Antique Egypt and the Holy Land at the University of Oxford and Director of the Manar al-Athar project,an open-access image archive of the Middle East. McKenzie was known in particular for her work on the architecture of Petra and Alexandria,having published lengthy monographs on each.
Ann Marie Yasin is an Associate Professor of Art History and Classics at the University of Southern California specializing in the architecture and material culture of the Roman and late antique world. She studies materiality,built-environments,landscapes,and urbanism as they pertain to the ancient and late ancient religious worlds.
Suzanne Frey-Kupper is a classical archaeologist and numismatist from Switzerland,who is Professor of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. She specialises in the study of Greek,Roman and Punic coinage,in particular examining their role in historical processes and as social agents.
Lucia Nixon is a Classical Archaeologist at the University of Oxford. She was Senior Tutor at St Hilda's College,Oxford. Since 1987,she has co-directed the Sphakia Survey with Jennifer Moody,which excavates and surveys the Sphakia region of south-west Crete,from ca. 3000 BCE - 1900 CE.
References
- ↑ "Professor Josephine Crawley Quinn | Faculty of Classics". www.classics.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Dr Josephine Crawley Quinn | Faculty of Classics". www.classics.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ↑ The J. Paul Getty Trust (2007). The J. Paul Getty Trust 2007 Report (PDF). Los Angeles.
- ↑ "Oxford Centre for Phoenician and Punic Studies". punic.classics.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ↑ "Utica". utica.classics.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ↑ Josephine., Quinn (2017). In Search of the Phoenicians. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. xxv. ISBN 9781400889112. OCLC 1017004243.
- ↑ Butler, John (22 June 2018). ""In Search of the Phoenicians" by Josephine Quinn" . Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ↑ Bowersock, G. W. (28 June 2018). "Rootless Cosmopolitans". The New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504 . Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ↑ "2019 Goodwin Award Winners". Society for Classical Studies. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ↑ "Josephine Quinn | TORCH". www.torch.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
