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The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in chronological order.
Gene targeting is a biotechnological tool used to change the DNA sequence of an organism. It is based on the natural DNA-repair mechanism of Homology Directed Repair (HDR), including Homologous Recombination. Gene targeting can be used to make a range of sizes of DNA edits, from larger DNA edits such as inserting entire new genes into an organism, through to much smaller changes to the existing DNA such as a single base-pair change. Gene targeting relies on the presence of a repair template to introduce the user-defined edits to the DNA. The user will design the repair template to contain the desired edit, flanked by DNA sequence corresponding (homologous) to the region of DNA that the user wants to edit; hence the edit is targeted to a particular genomic region. In this way Gene Targeting is distinct from natural homology-directed repair, during which the ‘natural’ DNA repair template of the sister chromatid is used to repair broken DNA. The alteration of DNA sequence in an organism can be useful in both a research context – for example to understand the biological role of a gene – and in biotechnology, for example to alter the traits of an organism.
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Genome editing, or genome engineering, or gene editing, is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike early genetic engineering techniques that randomly inserts genetic material into a host genome, genome editing targets the insertions to site-specific locations. The basic mechanism involved in genetic manipulations through programmable nucleases is the recognition of target genomic loci and binding of effector DNA-binding domain (DBD), double-strand breaks (DSBs) in target DNA by the restriction endonucleases, and the repair of DSBs through homology-directed recombination (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
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Zachary B. Lippman is an American plant biologist and the Jacob Goldfield Professor of Genetics at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and a member of the National Academy of Sciences Lippman has used gene editing technology to investigate the control of fruit production in various crops. In 2019 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship and in 2020 he received the National Academy of Sciences Prize in Food and Agriculture Sciences.
Molly Jahn is an American plant geneticist and breeder and Professor of Agronomy at University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. She was Under Secretary of Research, Education and Economics in the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
References
- ↑ "Joyce Van Eck".
- ↑ "Joyce van Eck".
- ↑ Van Eck, Joyce M. (1989). Item Details Page for Regeneration of mentha species. delcat.on.worldcat.org (M.S).
- ↑ Van Eck, Joyce Marie. "Transfer of large amounts of DNA via somatic hybridization and particle bombardment". hdl:2027/coo.31924062830223 – via newcatalog.library.cornell.edu.
- ↑ "Professor Joyce Van Eck - Improving Crops By Genetic Engineering And Targeted Genome Editing • scientia.global". February 15, 2017.
- ↑ Brooks, C.; Nekrasov, V.; Lippman, Z. B.; Van Eck, J. (2014). "Efficient Gene Editing in Tomato in the First Generation Using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-Associated9 System". Plant Physiology. 166 (3): 1292–1297. doi:10.1104/pp.114.247577. PMC 4226363 . PMID 25225186.
- ↑ Greenwood, Veronique (October 5, 2018). "Taming the Groundcherry: With Crispr, a Fussy Fruit Inches Toward the Supermarket". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Tomato fans: How you can get free ground cherries and goldenberries for your garden". Los Angeles Times. January 30, 2020.
