Junk head

Last updated
Section through the junk head of a Knight sleeve valve engine Knight sleeve-valve engine, sectioned head, inlet stroke (Autocar Handbook, Ninth edition).jpg
Section through the junk head of a Knight sleeve valve engine

A junk head [a] is a form of piston engine cylinder head, where the head is formed by a dummy piston mounted inside the top of the cylinder. In most other engine designs, the cylinder head is mounted on top of the cylinder block.

Contents

It is essential for any piston engine to seal the joint between block and head. This is usually done by means of a head gasket, a flat gasket on the surface of the block. In early engines, the high pressures and temperatures made it difficult for the materials of the day and gasket failure was common. The junk head requires no head gasket and is sealed by piston rings inside the cylinder bore, as for the power piston. [1]

An alternative solution was the monobloc engine, where the block and head were formed as one piece. This solved the sealing problem, but complicated manufacture and maintenance. Particularly when routine maintenance still required frequent head removal for de-coking, on a monobloc engine this required the removal of the pistons from the crankshaft end beneath the engine.

Sectioned cylinder and head of a Bristol Centaurus. Note the copper fins to the junk head Centaurus, junk head.jpg
Sectioned cylinder and head of a Bristol Centaurus. Note the copper fins to the junk head

Origins of the term

The term "junk head" originates from these sealing rings or "junk rings" and the dummy piston head. The term was previously in use with steam engines. Whereas a piston ring must slide within the cylinder and so be made of the best quality long-lived materials, where a fixed cylinder cover was sealed by a ring, this stationary ring could be of the lowliest materials or "junk", often a greased or graphited rope or oakum packing. Although the high cylinder temperature of an internal combustion engine requires high quality materials even here, the term stuck.

Sleeve valve engines

The junk head was only widely used with sleeve valve engines. These sealed on the inside of the sleeve, also sealing the sleeves themselves from the combustion pressure. It would also have been difficult to arrange a flat head gasket on the top of the moving sleeves.

Sleeve valves were rarely used in road vehicles, although the Knight engine did enjoy some limited popularity in luxury cars. [2] These used a junk head.

Radial engines

Bristol Perseus engine Bristol Perseus sleeve valve radial engine.jpg
Bristol Perseus engine

Radial engines, almost universally air-cooled aero engines, almost all use single-cylinder blocks, with a separate head for each cylinder. Most use monobloc blocks and heads, referred to as 'barrels'. The single-cylinder arrangement of each head, together with air-cooling, remove some of the restrictions on the use of a junk head. Accordingly, most of the junk head designs or number of heads manufactured have been for air-cooled radial engines.

Where radial engines have used sleeve valves (notably those of the Bristol Engine Company), the junk head was the usual design of head. [1] [3] Individual cylinder junk heads, sealed by a single ring, were also used on the inline H-block sleeve valve Napier Sabre engine. [4]

Cooling

View above the head of a Bristol Centaurus Fleet Air Arm Museum. RNAS Yeovilton. Somerset (8437697371).jpg
View above the head of a Bristol Centaurus

Cooling is difficult with a junk head, with either air or water. Water ports must be connected to the removable head and there is little space available within the cylinder diameter. If the engine uses the common form of overhead poppet valves, these would also be difficult to fit inside the limited space. Air cooling is also difficult, as the shape of the head is deeply re-entrant and it is difficult to arrange airflow to the deep well around the spark plug or injector. Bristol developed a two-part head to address this problem, with copper conducting fins. [5]

Notes

  1. Usually "junk head" around Bristol engines or "junkhead" within Rolls-Royce

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piston</span> Machine component used to compress or contain expanding fluids in a cylinder

A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radial engine</span> Reciprocating engine with cylinders arranged radially from a single crankshaft

The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is called a "star engine" in some other languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sleeve valve</span> Valve mechanism for piston engines

The sleeve valve is a type of valve mechanism for piston engines, distinct from the usual poppet valve. Sleeve valve engines saw use in a number of pre–World War II luxury cars and in the United States in the Willys-Knight car and light truck. They subsequently fell from use due to advances in poppet-valve technology, including sodium cooling, and the Knight system double sleeve engine's tendency to burn a lot of lubricating oil or to seize due to lack of it. The Scottish Argyll company used its own, much simpler and more efficient, single sleeve system (Burt-McCollum) in its cars, a system which, after extensive development, saw substantial use in British aircraft engines of the 1940s, such as the Napier Sabre, Bristol Hercules, Centaurus, and the promising but never mass-produced Rolls-Royce Crecy, only to be supplanted by the jet engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bristol Perseus</span> 1930s British piston aircraft engine

The Bristol Perseus was a British nine-cylinder, single-row, air-cooled radial aircraft engine produced by the Bristol Engine Company starting in 1932. It was the first production sleeve valve aero engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Napier Sabre</span> 1930s British aircraft piston engine

The Napier Sabre is a British H-24-cylinder, liquid-cooled, sleeve valve, piston aero engine, designed by Major Frank Halford and built by D. Napier & Son during World War II. The engine evolved to become one of the most powerful inline piston aircraft engines in the world, developing from 2,200 hp (1,600 kW) in its earlier versions to 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) in late-model prototypes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bristol Aquila</span> 1930s British piston aircraft engine

The Aquila was a nine-cylinder single-row radial aircraft engine designed by the Bristol Engine Company starting in 1934. A sleeve valve engine, its basic design was developed from the Bristol Perseus. The Aquila was never used in production, but further developments led to the Bristol Hercules, Bristol Taurus, and Bristol Centaurus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bristol Hercules</span> Radial aircraft engine by Bristol Engine Company

The Bristol Hercules is a 14-cylinder two-row radial aircraft engine designed by Sir Roy Fedden and produced by the Bristol Engine Company starting in 1939. It was the most numerous of their single sleeve valve designs, powering many aircraft in the mid-World War II timeframe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bristol Centaurus</span> 1930s British piston aircraft engine

The Centaurus was the final development of the Bristol Engine Company's series of sleeve valve radial aircraft engines. The Centaurus is an 18-cylinder, two-row design that eventually delivered over 3,000 hp (2,200 kW). The engine was introduced into service late in the Second World War and was one of the most powerful aircraft piston engines to see service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BMW 801</span> German aircraft engine developed by BMW during World War II

The BMW 801 was a powerful German 41.8-litre (2,550 cu in) air-cooled 14-cylinder-radial aircraft engine built by BMW and used in a number of German Luftwaffe aircraft of World War II. Production versions of the twin-row engine generated between 1,560 and 2,000 PS. It was the most produced radial engine of Germany in World War II with more than 61,000 built.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cylinder head</span> Component of an internal combustion engine

In a piston engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders, forming the roof of the combustion chamber. In sidevalve engines the head is a simple plate of metal containing the spark plugs and possibly heat dissipation fins. In more modern overhead valve and overhead camshaft engines, the head is a more complicated metal block that also contains the inlet and exhaust passages, and often coolant passages, Valvetrain components, and fuel injectors.

In a reciprocating engine, the cylinder is the space in which a piston travels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rolls-Royce Eagle (1944)</span>

The Rolls-Royce Eagle Mk XXII is a British 24-cylinder, sleeve valve, H-block aero engine of 46 litre displacement. It was designed and built in the early-1940s by Rolls-Royce Limited and first ran in 1944. It was liquid-cooled, of flat H configuration with two crankshafts and was capable of 3,200 horsepower at 18 psi boost.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axial engine</span> Type of reciprocating engine

An axial engine is a type of reciprocating engine with pistons arranged around an output shaft with their axes parallel to the shaft. Barrel refers to the cylindrical shape of the cylinder group whilst the Z-crank alludes to the shape of the crankshaft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunbeam Arab</span> 1910s British piston aircraft engine

The Sunbeam Arab was a British First World War-era aero engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wasserboxer</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Volkswagen wasserboxer is a four cylinder horizontally opposed pushrod overhead-valve (OHV) petrol engine developed by Volkswagen. The engine is water-cooled, and takes its name from the German: "Wasserboxer" ("water-boxer"); with "boxer" being another term for horizontally opposed engines. It was available in two displacements – either a 1.9-litre or a 2.1-litre; the 2.1-litre being a longer-stroke version of the 1.9-litre, both variants sharing the same cylinder bore. This engine was unique to the Volkswagen Type 2 (T3), having never been used in any other vehicle. Volkswagen contracted Oettinger to develop a six-cylinder version of this engine. Volkswagen decided not to use it, but Oettinger sold a Volkswagen Type 2 (T3) equipped with this engine.

The Bristol Hydra was an experimental 16-cylinder, twin-row radial aircraft engine built by the Bristol Engine Company. It is a relatively rare example of a radial with an even number of cylinders per row – it is often claimed that radial engines require an odd number of cylinders, but this is simply easier, not physically required. Only two Hydras were built, the type never entered production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rolls-Royce Exe</span> 1930s British piston aircraft engine

The Rolls-Royce Exe, or Boreas, was a 24-cylinder air-cooled X block sleeve valve aircraft engine intended primarily for the new Fairey Fleet Air Arm aircraft, particularly the Fairey Barracuda. The Exe was relatively powerful for its era, producing about 1,100 hp (820 kW). This is notable given the relatively small 1,300 cubic inches (22 L) displacement, the Merlin requiring 1,600 cubic inches (27 L) for approximately the same power level. The X-24 layout made this quite a compact engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monobloc engine</span>

A monobloc or en bloc engine is an internal-combustion piston engine some of whose major components are formed, usually by casting, as a single integral unit, rather than being assembled later. This has the advantages of improving mechanical stiffness, and improving the reliability of the sealing between them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Standard wet liner inline-four engine</span> Reciprocating internal combustion engine

The Standard wet liner inline-four engine was an inline four cylinder petrol engine produced by the Standard Motor Company. Originally developed concurrently for passenger car use and for the Ferguson TE20 tractor, it was widely used for Standard passenger cars of the 1950s, most notably the Vanguard. Later it was successfully used in Standard's popular early generation Triumph TR series sports cars.

References

  1. 1 2 White, Graham (1995). "Bristol Hercules". Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II. Airlife. pp. 136–137. ISBN   1-85310-734-4.
  2. Autocar Handbook (Ninth ed.). The Autocar. c. 1919. pp. 36–38.
  3. Bingham, Victor (1998). "Bristol Hercules". Major Piston Aero Engines of World War II. Airlife. pp. 52–53. ISBN   1-84037-012-2.
  4. "The Napier Sabre Aero Motor". The Aeroplane . 24 March 1944.
  5. Ricardo, Harry R. Sir (1953). "Piston Aero-engines". The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine (4th ed.). Glasgow: Blackie. pp. 310–311.