Kaleidoscope was an underground newspaper that was published in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Founded by John Kois, the radio disk jockey Bob Reitman and John Sahli (a member of The Shag), [1] it was published from October 6, 1967, to November 11, 1971, printing 105 biweekly issues. [2] The paper's first issue was printed with a borrowed $250 in an edition of 3,500 copies, which sold out in two days.
In the first anniversary issue of Kaleidoscope a brief history of the paper's origins appeared:
'"The need for a Milwaukee-based underground newspaper was apparent early in 1967. It was talked about, tentative plans made and loose alliances formed, throughout the spring and summer, but nothing definite was done until July, when George Richard, a happy man of business, offered to underwrite the first issue. The first "staff" meeting was held in the Knickerbocker Coffee Shop. It was quite a crew: Bob Reitman, cemetery managing rock freak poet; John Sahli, industrial designing former gentle Shag; and John Kois, drifter free lance writer recently escaped from the coast."'
From its first issue, Kaleidoscope was subject to censorship attempts, including arrest of vendors in some suburbs and a drive to put its printer out of business; one case went to the U.S. Supreme Court (after the newspaper had folded), which ruled in Kois v. Wisconsin that the newspaper's publication of two photos and a poem entitled "Sex Poem" in an article about censorship did not constitute obscenity. [3] "One of the requirements to get on this paper," John Kois told a reporter for Rolling Stone , "is that you have to dig fucking and doping." [4]
Kaleidoscope was an affiliate of the Liberation News Service (LNS) and Underground Press Syndicate (UPS). It succumbed after four years to a combination of financial pressures, internal factionalism and burn-out. The 1971 death of the printer Bill Schanen, who withstood a boycott of his printing business after he started printing the undergrounds on his presses, may also have been a factor in the paper's demise. Schanen's son continued to print the paper but refused to extend any more credit. With the paper $15,000 in debt to 42 creditors, and revenues sinking fast, it soon folded. [5]
At various times, Kaleidoscope also published several sister papers around the upper Midwest: the Chicago Kaleidoscope (first issue dated November 22-December 5, 1968, later merged with the Chicago Seed ), Omaha Kaleidoscope , Fox Valley Kaleidoscope (based in Oshkosh, Wisconsin) and the Madison Kaleidoscope. There was also a short-lived affiliate in Indianapolis. These papers shared a common printer (Bill Schanen in Port Washington, Wisconsin), and sold advertising space to national advertisers that ran in all the active papers of the chain. Each ran local and hard news in a front section which was combined with a shared second section edited in Milwaukee, containing less parochial material (mostly arts and culture) derived or reprinted from national and syndicated sources. This latter "Part II" was also sold to other underground newspapers to be used as a supplement to their local content. Advertising revenue from this source was greatly diminished starting in 1969 after the FBI allegedly pressured advertisers such as Columbia Records to stop running advertisements in the underground press, although some observers have also attributed the sharp falloff in record company advertising which was experienced by all of the underground press to the rise of specialized rock music papers like Rolling Stone . [6]
Kaleidoscope also operated two peripheral businesses in Milwaukee: the Granfalloon coffeehouse and the Interabang bookstore at 1668 N. Warren Ave.
After Kaleidoscope ceased publication in late 1971 a number of staffers joined the Bugle-American . Kois ended up working for Al Goldstein's Screw magazine. [6] Reitman continued to work as a radio personality in Milwaukee, where he was still on the radio one night a week in October 2020. [7]
The Georgia Straight is a free Canadian weekly news and entertainment newspaper published in Vancouver, British Columbia, by Overstory Media Group. Often known simply as The Straight, it is delivered to newsboxes, post-secondary schools, public libraries and a large variety of other locations. The Straight has a long history of independent, unconventional editorials and content, and is known as a vocal critic of government, notably the former Liberal government of Gordon Campbell.
The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant group. In specific recent Asian, American and Western European context, the term "underground press" has most frequently been employed to refer to the independently published and distributed underground papers associated with the counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s in India and Bangladesh in Asia, in the United States and Canada in North America, and the United Kingdom and other western nations. It can also refer to the newspapers produced independently in repressive regimes. In German occupied Europe, for example, a thriving underground press operated, usually in association with the Resistance. Other notable examples include the samizdat and bibuła, which operated in the Soviet Union and Poland respectively, during the Cold War.
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The Underground Press Syndicate (UPS), later known as the Alternative Press Syndicate (APS), was a network of countercultural newspapers and magazines that operated from 1966 into the late 1970s. As it evolved, the Underground Press Syndicate created an Underground Press Service, and later its own magazine.
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The Shag were an American garage and psychedelic rock band in the 1960s, best known for their 1967 single "Stop and Listen". They were one of numerous bands at the time using the name "The Shags".
Kois v. Wisconsin, 408 U.S. 229 (1972), was a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of the obscenity conviction of Milwaukee editor-publisher John Kois, whose underground newspaper Kaleidoscope had published two small photographs of pictures of nudes and a sexually-oriented poem entitled "Sex Poem" in 1968. The Supreme Court ruled that, in the context in which they appeared, the photographs were rationally related to a news article which they illustrated and were thus entitled to Fourteenth Amendment protection, and that the poem "bears some of the earmarks of an attempt at serious art", and thus was not obscene under the Roth v. United States test. In the words of the concurring opinion of Justice William O. Douglas, "In this case, the vague umbrella of obscenity laws was used in an attempt to run a radical newspaper out of business and to impose a two-year sentence and a $2,000 fine upon its publisher. If obscenity laws continue in this uneven and uncertain enforcement, then the vehicle has been found for the suppression of any unpopular tract. The guarantee of free expression will thus be diluted and in its stead public discourse will only embrace that which has the approval of five members of this Court."
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Robert "Bob" Reitman is an FM radio personality from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Reitman was a pioneer in freeform radio, also known as "underground radio", and has been playing album-oriented rock music and providing on-air commentary for over 45 years at various radio stations in the Milwaukee market. He is currently semi-retired, but continues to host a show once a week on WUWM, the Milwaukee Public Radio station where he got his start. His primary inspiration is Bob Dylan.
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