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Palliative care is an interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed at optimizing quality of life and mitigating suffering among people with serious,complex,and often terminal illnesses. Within the published literature,many definitions of palliative care exist. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes palliative care as "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness,through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain,illnesses including other problems whether physical,psychosocial,and spiritual". In the past,palliative care was a disease specific approach,but today the WHO takes a broader patient-centered approach that suggests that the principles of palliative care should be applied as early as possible to any chronic and ultimately fatal illness. This shift was important because if a disease-oriented approach is followed,the needs and preferences of the patient are not fully met and aspects of care,such as pain,quality of life,and social support,as well as spiritual and emotional needs,fail to be addressed. Rather,a patient-centered model prioritizes relief of suffering and tailors care to increase the quality of life for terminally ill patients.
Geriatrics,or geriatric medicine,is a medical specialty focused on providing care for the unique health needs of the elderly. The term geriatrics originates from the Greek γέρωνgeron meaning "old man",and ιατρόςiatros meaning "healer". It aims to promote health by preventing,diagnosing and treating disease in older adults. There is no defined age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician,or geriatric physician,a physician who specializes in the care of older people. Rather,this decision is guided by individual patient need and the caregiving structures available to them. This care may benefit those who are managing multiple chronic conditions or experiencing significant age-related complications that threaten quality of daily life. Geriatric care may be indicated if caregiving responsibilities become increasingly stressful or medically complex for family and caregivers to manage independently.
Thanatology is the scientific study of death and the losses brought about as a result. It investigates the mechanisms and forensic aspects of death,such as bodily changes that accompany death and the postmortem period,as well as wider psychological and social aspects related to death. It is primarily an interdisciplinary study offered as a course of study at numerous colleges and universities.
Terminal illness or end-stage disease is a disease that cannot be cured or adequately treated and is expected to result in the death of the patient. This term is more commonly used for progressive diseases such as cancer,dementia or advanced heart disease than for injury. In popular use,it indicates a disease that will progress until death with near absolute certainty,regardless of treatment. A patient who has such an illness may be referred to as a terminal patient,terminally ill or simply as being terminal. There is no standardized life expectancy for a patient to be considered terminal,although it is generally months or less. Life expectancy for terminal patients is a rough estimate given by the physician based on previous data and does not always reflect true longevity. An illness which is lifelong but not fatal is a chronic condition.
Dame Cicely Mary Strode Saunders was an English nurse,social worker,physician and writer. She is noted for her work in terminal care research and her role in the birth of the hospice movement,emphasising the importance of palliative care in modern medicine,and opposing the legalisation of voluntary euthanasia.
Ira Robert Byock is an American physician,author,and advocate for palliative care. He is founder and chief medical officer of the Providence St. Joseph Health Institute for Human Caring in Torrance,California,and holds appointments as active emeritus professor of medicine and professor of community health and family medicine at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College. He was director of palliative medicine at Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center,from 2003–14,and associate director for patient and family-centered care at the affiliated Norris-Cotton Cancer Center.
End-of-life care (EOLC) is health care provided in the time leading up to a person's death. End-of-life care can be provided in the hours,days,or months before a person dies and encompasses care and support for a person's mental and emotional needs,physical comfort,spiritual needs,and practical tasks.
The Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP) was a care pathway in the United Kingdom covering palliative care options for patients in the final days or hours of life. It was developed to help doctors and nurses provide quality end-of-life care,to transfer quality end-of-life care from the hospice to hospital setting. The LCP is no longer in routine use after public concerns regarding its nature. Alternative methodologies for Advance care planning are now in place to ensure patients are able to have dignity in their final hours of life. Hospitals were also provided cash incentives to achieve targets for the number of patients placed on the LCP.
In the United States,hospice care is a type and philosophy of end-of-life care which focuses on the palliation of a terminally ill patient's symptoms. These symptoms can be physical,emotional,spiritual or social in nature. The concept of hospice as a place to treat the incurably ill has been evolving since the 11th century. Hospice care was introduced to the United States in the 1970s in response to the work of Cicely Saunders in the United Kingdom. This part of health care has expanded as people face a variety of issues with terminal illness. In the United States,it is distinguished by extensive use of volunteers and a greater emphasis on the patient's psychological needs in coming to terms with dying.
Hospice care is a type of health care that focuses on the palliation of a terminally ill patient's pain and symptoms and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs at the end of life. Hospice care prioritizes comfort and quality of life by reducing pain and suffering. Hospice care provides an alternative to therapies focused on life-prolonging measures that may be arduous,likely to cause more symptoms,or are not aligned with a person's goals.
Diane E. Meier,an American geriatrician and palliative care specialist. In 1999,Dr. Meier founded the Center to Advance Palliative Care,a national organization devoted to increasing access to quality health care in the United States for people living with serious illness. She continues to serve as CAPC's Director Emerita and Strategic Medical Advisor. Meier is also Vice-Chair for Public Policy,Professor of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine and Catherine Gaisman Professor of Medical Ethics at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Meier was founder and Director of the Hertzberg Palliative Care Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine in New York City from 1997 to 2011.
Anne Merriman,MBE,MCommH,FRCPI,FRCP is a British doctor,known for her pioneering work and influential research into palliative care in developing countries in Africa. She has campaigned to make affordable oral morphine widely available.
The John A. Hartford Foundation is a private United States-based philanthropy whose current mission is to improve the care of older adults. For many years,it made grants for research and education in geriatric medicine,nursing and social work. It now focuses on three priority areas:creating age-friendly health systems,supporting family caregivers and improving serious illness,and end-of-life care.
M. R. Rajagopal is an Indian palliative care physician (anesthesiologist) and professor referred to as the 'father of palliative care in India' in honour of his significant contribution to the palliative care scene in India.
Margaret Ruth McCorkle FAAN,FAPOS was an American nurse,oncology researcher,and educator. She was the Florence Schorske Wald Professor of Nursing at the Yale School of Nursing.
Kimberly Sherell Johnson is an American clinical investigator. She is a Full professor of medicine at Duke University and director of Duke REACH Equity. In March 2020,Johnson's academic work was recognized with the first Richard Payne Outstanding Achievement in Diversity,Equity and Inclusion Award from the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine.
Ramona Rhodes is an American geriatrician and physician.
Doris Howell was an American physician who specialized in pediatric oncology. She became known as the "mother of hospice," for her pioneering work in palliative care.
Sonja Jayne McIlfatrick is a nurse and Professor in Nursing and Palliative Care and Dean of Ulster Doctoral College at Ulster University. She was the first non-American President of the International Network of Doctoral Education in Nursing.
Zelda Foster was a social worker who was a leader in the hospice movement. Foster also taught at the Columbia School of Social Work and was director of children's mental health at the Children's Aid Society.
References
- 1 2 3 "Karen Bullock". www.bc.edu.
- ↑ "Journal of the American Geriatrics Society – AGS".
- ↑ "Bullock Appointed to NCIOM Task Force on Healthy Aging". socialwork.news.chass.ncsu.edu. June 8, 2022.
- ↑ "Karen Bullock". scholar.google.com.
- ↑ Bullock, Karen (May 30, 2011). "The influence of culture on end-of-life decision making". Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care. 7 (1): 83–98. doi:10.1080/15524256.2011.548048. PMID 21391079. S2CID 36619149 – via PubMed.
- ↑ Stansbury, Kim L.; Marshall, Gillian L.; Hall, Jodi; Simpson, Gaynell M.; Bullock, Karen (November 30, 2018). "Community engagement with African American clergy: faith-based model for culturally competent practice". Aging & Mental Health. 22 (11): 1510–1515. doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1364343. PMID 28825850. S2CID 45460508 – via PubMed.
- ↑ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org.
- ↑ Bullock, K.; Stansbury, K.; Fitzpatrick, D. (2020). "A Social Justice Field Education Model for Addressing Isolation and Other Social Determinants of Behavioral Health – PMC". Innovation in Aging. 4 (Suppl 1): 667. doi:10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2311. PMC 7742484 .
- ↑ Bullock, K.; Stansbury, K.; Fitzpatrick, D.; Anderson, G. (2021). "Preparing Effective InterProfessional Teams to Meet the Needs of Older Adults in Integrated Healthcare Settings – PMC". Innovation in Aging. 5 (Suppl 1): 900–901. doi:10.1093/geroni/igab046.3270. PMC 8681816 .
- ↑ "INTEGRATED FAITH BASED CURRICULUM FOR COMMUNITY-BASED OUTREACH WORKERS: ADDRESSING INEQUITIES AMONG OLDER ADULTS – Oxford Aging".
- ↑ Sanders, Sara; Bullock, Karen; Broussard, Crystal (May 30, 2012). "Exploring professional boundaries in end-of-life care: considerations for hospice social workers and other members of the team". Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care. 8 (1): 10–28. doi:10.1080/15524256.2012.650671. PMID 22424382. S2CID 30971221 – via PubMed.
- ↑ "IDENTIFYING TRAUMA IN THE PLANNING OF HOSPICE AND PALLIATIVE CARE AMONG FAMILIES AND CONSUMERS OF DEMENTIA CARE SERVICES – Oxford Academic".
- ↑ Wallace, Cara L.; Coccia, Kathryn; Khoo, Yit Mui; Bullock, Karen (January 3, 2023). "Meaning of Hospice Care: Perceptions of Patients and Families". The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. 40 (10): 1132–1140. doi:10.1177/10499091221149702. PMID 36594567. S2CID 255465891 – via PubMed.
- ↑ "The Gerontological Society of America Selects 2021 Fellows". www.geron.org.
- ↑ "Dr. Karen Bullock (MSW '92) Announced as 2023 Graduation Speaker".
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