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In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction without fertilization. Its etymology is Greek for "away from" + "mixing". This definition notably does not mention meiosis. Thus "normal asexual reproduction" of plants, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, has never been considered to be apomixis, but replacement of the seed by a plantlet or replacement of the flower by bulbils were categorized as types of apomixis. Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant.
A tracheid is a long and tapered lignified cell in the xylem of vascular plants. It is a type of conductive cell called a tracheary element. Angiosperms use another type of tracheary element, called vessel elements, to transport water through the xylem. The main functions of tracheid cells are to transport water and inorganic salts, and to provide structural support for trees. There are often pits on the cell walls of tracheids, which allows for water flow between cells. Tracheids are dead at functional maturity and do not have a protoplast. The wood (softwood) of gymnosperms such as pines and other conifers is mainly composed of tracheids. Tracheids are also the main conductive cells in the primary xylem of ferns.
Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart FRS FRSE FGS was a French botanist. He was the son of the geologist Alexandre Brongniart and grandson of the architect, Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart. Brongniart's pioneering work on the relationships between extinct and existing plants has earned him the title of father of paleobotany. His major work on plant fossils was his Histoire des végétaux fossiles (1828–37). He wrote his dissertation on the Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), an extant family of flowering plants, and worked at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris until his death. In 1851, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Brongn. when citing a botanical name.
Charles Joseph Chamberlain, Ph.D. was an American botanist, born near Sullivan, Ohio, and educated at Oberlin College and at the University of Chicago, where he earned the first Ph.D. in that institution's botany department, and where he was a long-time employee, becoming associate professor in 1911. He is known for pioneering the use of zoological techniques on the study of plants, particularly in the realm of microscopic studies of tissues and cells; his specialty was the cycad. He made contributions to the Botanical Gazette, and was the author of Methods in Plant Histology (1901) and The Morphology of Angiosperms (1903). In collaboration with John M. Coulter, he wrote The Morphology of Gymnosperms (1910).
August Wilhelm Eichler, also known under his Latinized name, Augustus Guilielmus Eichler, was a German botanist who developed a new system of classification of plants to reflect the concept of evolution. His author abbreviation in botany is Eichler.
Richard Wettstein was an Austrian botanist. His taxonomic system, the Wettstein system, was one of the earliest based on phyletic principles.
Wilhelm Friedrich Benedikt Hofmeister was a German biologist and botanist. He "stands as one of the true giants in the history of biology and belongs in the same pantheon as Darwin and Mendel." He was largely self-taught.
Camillo Karl Schneider was a German botanist and landscape architect. A farmer's son, he was born at Gröppendorf, in the Kingdom of Saxony, and worked as a gardener at Zeitz, Dresden, Berlin and Greifswald. Returning to Berlin to work in the City Parks Department, he assisted in editorial work for the periodical Gartenwelt, which led to his employ as a landscape assistant in Darmstadt and Berlin. In 1900, he moved to Vienna, where he practiced as a freelance architect and writer, travelling extensively through Europe. In 1904 he published his first books, including the beginning of his tome Illustrated Handbook of Broad-leaved Trees, which he completed in 1912. However, the manuscript of what should have been his magnum opus, a study of the genus Berberis, was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in 1943.
Franz Thonner was an Austrian taxonomist and botanist from Vienna. In the spring of 1896, he made his first trip to the African interior to explore the botany and people in the northern part of the Congo Basin. Besides his comprehensive collection of plants, he embarked on a thorough ethnographic study of the region.
Olaf Hagerup was a Danish botanist. He studied botany at the University of Copenhagen from 1911 under the professors Eugenius Warming, Christen C. Raunkiær, L. Kolderup Rosenvinge og W. Johannsen. He took his Ph.D. from the same university in 1930. From 1934 to 1960, he was superintendent at the Botanical Museum of the University of Copenhagen.
Wilhelm Detmer was a German botanist, plant physiologist and agriculturalist.
Maximilian (Max) Westermaier was a German botanist.
Karl Linsbauer was an Austrian botanist and plant physiologist.
Karl Heider was an Austrian zoologist and embryologist known for his research involving the developmental history of invertebrates. He was the son of Moriz Heider, a pioneer of scientific dentistry in Austria.
Karl Touton was a German dermatologist and amateur botanist.
Julius Georg Hubertus Wilhelm Troll was a German botanist, known for his studies in the field of plant morphology. He advocated a morphological biology that was rooted in the nature philosophy of Goethe. He was an older brother to geographer Carl Troll (1899–1975).
Franz Wilhelm Neger was a German botanist, mycologist and dendrologist.
Fritz Netolitzky was a German botanist and entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera. He described many new species. Fritz Netolitzky was born in Zwickau on 1 October 1875 into a respected family who had lived in Rokitnitz since the early 18th century. His grandfather taught him natural history and Fritz Netolitzky went on to study in Prague, Vienna and Strasbourg. Aged 24 he gained a Ph.D. in medicine. Following this he served as a Kaiserjäger for one year and he also served as a doctor on a ‘Kosmos-Linie’ ship registered in Hamburg, a journey which took him along the South American west coast. Fritz Netolitzky taught at the University of Vienna (1896-1899), then at the University of Innsbruck (1899-1904) then at the University of Graz (1904-1910). From 1910 to 1940 he taught at the University of Chernivtsi.From 1940 to 1941 he worked at the University of Iasi, then he was Professor of Botany at the University of Vienna. With his sister Magdalena and brother, Richard, Fritz Netolitzky wrote a parody of Heinrich Hoffman's Struwwelpeter set in Egypt- The Egyptian Struwwelpeter (London: H. Grevel & Co., [1896]
Physiological Plant Anatomy is a botany book first published in 1884 by Gottlieb Haberlandt (1854–1945). The textbook focuses on the investigation of each plant tissue layer and the final analysis of their physiological performance regarding the previous. With this book Haberlandt used a new viewpoint and motivation into combining different fields of science. He created an informative overview and a way of classifying plant tissues based upon their function.
Rosalie Auguste Emma Wunderlich was an Austrian botanist and embryologist at the University of Vienna.
References
- ↑ Schmidt - Theyer / edited by Walther Killy Dictionary of German Biography
- ↑ OCLC WorldCat Search published works
- ↑ International Plant Names Index. Schnarf.
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