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Substance abuse,also known as drug abuse,is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health,medical,and criminal justice contexts. In some cases,criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug,and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur. In addition to possible physical,social,and psychological harm,the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties,although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.
Alcohol abuse encompasses a spectrum of alcohol-related substance abuse,ranging from the consumption of more than 2 drinks per day on average for men,or more than 1 drink per day on average for women,to binge drinking or alcohol use disorder.
Alcohol has a number of effects on health. Short-term effects of alcohol consumption include intoxication and dehydration. Long-term effects of alcohol include changes in the metabolism of the liver and brain,with increased risk ofseveral types of cancer and alcohol use disorder. Alcohol intoxication affects the brain,causing slurred speech,clumsiness,and delayed reflexes. There is an increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder for teenagers while their brain is still developing. Adolescents who drink have a higher probability of injury including death.
An addictive behavior is a behavior,or a stimulus related to a behavior,that is both rewarding and reinforcing,and is associated with the development of an addiction. There are two main forms of addiction:substance use disorders and behavioral addiction. The parallels and distinctions between behavioral addictions and other compulsive behavior disorders like bulimia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are still being researched by behavioral scientists.
Binge drinking,or heavy episodic drinking,is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time,but definitions vary considerably.
Cognitive epidemiology is a field of research that examines the associations between intelligence test scores and health,more specifically morbidity and mortality. Typically,test scores are obtained at an early age,and compared to later morbidity and mortality. In addition to exploring and establishing these associations,cognitive epidemiology seeks to understand causal relationships between intelligence and health outcomes. Researchers in the field argue that intelligence measured at an early age is an important predictor of later health and mortality differences.
Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite the substantial harm and adverse consequences to one's own self and others,as a result of their use. On the other hand,"Addiction is described as being a chronic disease that is characterized by drug seeking that may be compulsive and difficult to control despite the possibility of harmful side effects." In perspective,the effects of the wrong use of substances that are capable of causing harm to the user or others,have been extensively described in different studies using a variety of terms such as substance use problems,problematic drugs or alcohol use,and substance use disorder.The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states that "Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior,leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs,alcohol,or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe,with addiction being the most severe form of SUD".Substance use disorders (SUD) are considered to be a serious mental illness that fluctuates with the age that symptoms first start appearing in an individual,the time during which it exists and the type of substance that is used. It is not uncommon for those who have SUD to also have other mental health disorders. Substance use disorders are characterized by an array of mental/emotional,physical,and behavioral problems such as chronic guilt;an inability to reduce or stop consuming the substance(s) despite repeated attempts;operating vehicles while intoxicated;and physiological withdrawal symptoms. Drug classes that are commonly involved in SUD include:alcohol (alcoholism);cannabis;opioids;stimulants such as nicotine (including tobacco),cocaine and amphetamines;benzodiazepines;barbiturates;and other substances.
The legal drinking age varies from country to country. In the United States,the legal drinking age is currently 21. To curb excessive alcohol consumption by younger people,instead of raising the drinking age,other countries have raised the prices of alcohol beverages and encouraged the general public to drink less. Setting a legal drinking age of 21 is designed to discourage reckless alcohol consumption by youth,limiting consumption to those who are more mature,who can be expected to make reasonable and wise decisions when it comes to drinking.
Alfredo Morabia is a Swiss-American physician,epidemiologist,and historian of medicine. He is currently professor of epidemiology at the Barry Commoner Center for Health and the Environment at Queens College,City University of New York in addition to serving as professor of Clinical Epidemiology at the Department of Epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health,Columbia University.
Alcohol,sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol,is one of the most widely used and abused psychoactive drugs in the world. It is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant,decreasing electrical activity of neurons in the brain. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies alcohol as a toxic,psychoactive,dependence-producing,and carcinogenic substance.
Zena Athene Stein was a South African epidemiologist,activist and doctor. She was professor of epidemiology and psychiatry at Columbia University.
Alcoholism in adolescence,though less common than in adults,presents a unique set of dangers due to the developing brain's vulnerability to alcohol's effects. Alcohol can cause harm and even damage to a person's DNA. "Alcohol consumption is recognized worldwide as a leading risk factor for disease,disability,and death" and is rated as the most used substance by adolescences. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological changes,usually a time in a person life in which they go through puberty. Combining these transitional stages and the intake of alcohol can leave a number of consequences for an adolescent.
Risky sexual behavior is the description of the activity that will increase the probability that a person engaging in sexual activity with another person infected with a sexually transmitted infection will be infected,become unintentionally pregnant,or make a partner pregnant. It can mean two similar things:the behavior itself,and the description of the partner's behavior.
Maree Rose Teesson,FAAHMS,FASSA,is an Australian expert on mental health. She is the Director of The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use and NHMRC Principal Research Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is also professorial fellow at the Black Dog Institute,UNSW.
Kathleen Ries Merikangas is the Chief of the Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch in the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and an adjunct professor of epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. She has published more than 300 papers,and is best known for her work in adolescent mental disorders.
Mary E. Larimer is an American psychologist and academic. Larimer is a professor of psychiatry and Behavioral sciences,Professor or Psychology,and the Director of the Center for the Study of Health &Risk Behaviors at University of Washington (UW). Additionally,she serves as a psychologist at the Psychiatry Clinic at UW Medical Center-Roosevelt.
Medellena Maria Lee Glymour is an American epidemiologist. Her primary research interests focus on "how social factors experienced across the lifecourse,such as educational attainment and work environment,influence cognitive function,memory loss,stroke and other health outcomes in old age."
Gina Danielle Schellenbaum Lovasi is the Interim Dean of the Dornsife School of Public Health at Drexel University. She has authored more than 140 peer-reviewed articles and co-edited the book Urban Public Health:A Research Toolkit for Practice and Impact.
Dustin Troy Duncan is an American public health researcher who is an Associate Dean for Health Equity Research at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Their research considers how environmental factors influence population health and health disparities. In particular,Duncan has focused on the health of sexual minority men and transgender women of color in New York City and the Deep South. Duncan serves as Founder of the Dustin Duncan Research Foundation.
Silvia Saboia Martins is a Brazilian epidemiologist and the director of the Substance Use Epidemiology Unit of the Department of Epidemiology,Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Her research considers the epidemiology of substances abuse and origins of high opioid prescribing. She has won numerous awards for her mentoring,including the Irving Medical Center Mentor of the Year.
References
- ↑ "Keyes, Katherine M." id.loc.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- 1 2 "Katherine Keyes, Jeffrey Wild". The New York Times. November 12, 2006. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Katherine Keyes". publichealth.columbia.edu. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "People Born After WW II More Likely to Binge Drink". publichealth.columbia.edu. September 16, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Women and alcohol: To your health?". cwhn.ca. Canadian Women's Health Network. June 6, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "2015-2016 Recipients". publichealth.columbia.edu. 11 November 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Teens Increasingly Sleep Deprived". publichealth.columbia.edu. February 13, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Up in smoke or bottoms up: How policy could affect substance abuse". eurekalert.org. Eurekalert. January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Wage gap could explain why women are more likely to be anxious and depressed than men". eurekalert.org. Eurekalert. January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "2018 Faculty Grants". publichealth.columbia.edu. 25 November 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Use of synthetic drug Flakka rare among high school seniors, but most users take numerous drugs". eurekalert.org. Eurekalert. January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Teens' social media use does not raise risk for depression: study". eurekalert.org. Eurekalert. August 11, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "2020 Award Winners". epiresearch.org. 6 April 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Injury Epidemiology: Editorial Board". injepijournal.biomedcentral.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "Drug and Alcohol Dependence - Editorial Board". .journals.elsevier.com. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
- ↑ "JEFFREY ALLAN WILD OBITUARY". ilesfuneralhomes.com. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
