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Nitric oxide is a colorless gas with the formula NO. It is one of the principal oxides of nitrogen. Nitric oxide is a free radical: it has an unpaired electron, which is sometimes denoted by a dot in its chemical formula. Nitric oxide is also a heteronuclear diatomic molecule, a class of molecules whose study spawned early modern theories of chemical bonding.
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O2H), superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen. ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O2, which is abundant. ROS are important in many ways, both beneficial and otherwise. ROS function as signals, that turn on and off biological functions. They are intermediates in the redox behavior of O2, which is central to fuel cells. ROS are central to the photodegradation of organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Most often however, ROS are discussed in a biological context, ranging from their effects on aging and their role in causing dangerous genetic mutations.
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Nitroxyl or azanone is the chemical compound HNO. It is well known in the gas phase. Nitroxyl can be formed as a short-lived intermediate in the solution phase. The conjugate base, NO−, nitroxide anion, is the reduced form of nitric oxide (NO) and is isoelectronic with dioxygen. The bond dissociation energy of H−NO is 49.5 kcal/mol (207 kJ/mol), which is unusually weak for a bond to the hydrogen atom.
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Endothelial NOS (eNOS), also known as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (cNOS), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOS3 gene located in the 7q35-7q36 region of chromosome 7. This enzyme is one of three isoforms that synthesize nitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and lipophilic molecule that participates in several biological processes. The other isoforms include neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which is constitutively expressed in specific neurons of the brain and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whose expression is typically induced in inflammatory diseases. eNOS is primarily responsible for the generation of NO in the vascular endothelium, a monolayer of flat cells lining the interior surface of blood vessels, at the interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the remainder of the vessel wall. NO produced by eNOS in the vascular endothelium plays crucial roles in regulating vascular tone, cellular proliferation, leukocyte adhesion, and platelet aggregation. Therefore, a functional eNOS is essential for a healthy cardiovascular system.
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In organic chemistry, S-nitrosothiols, also known as thionitrites, are organic compounds or functional groups containing a nitroso group attached to the sulfur atom of a thiol. S-Nitrosothiols have the general formula R−S−N=O, where R denotes an organic group. Originally suggested by Ignarro to serve as intermediates in the action of organic nitrates, endogenous S-nitrosothiols were discovered by Stamler and colleagues (S-nitrosoalbumin in plasma and S-nitrosoglutathione in airway lining fluid) and shown to represent a main source of NO bioactivity in vivo. More recently, S-nitrosothiols have been implicated as primary mediators of protein S-nitrosylation, the oxidative modification of cysteine thiol that provides ubiquitous regulation of protein function.
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References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Katrina Miranda | cbc.arizona.edu". cbc.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
- ↑ Vázquez-Torres, Andrés (November 2012). "Redox Active Thiol Sensors of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 17 (9): 1201–1214. doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4522. ISSN 1523-0864. PMC 3430479 . PMID 22257022.
- 1 2 Blue, Alexis; Communications, University (5 January 2009). "Chemistry Professor Honored in Washington, D.C." UANews. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
- ↑ Cheng, Robert Y.S.; Basudhar, Debashree; Ridnour, Lisa A.; Heinecke, Julie L.; Kesarwala, Aparna H.; Glynn, Sharon; Switzer, Christopher H.; Ambs, Stefan; Miranda, Katrina M. (December 2014). "Gene expression profiles of NO- and HNO-donor treated breast cancer cells: insights into tumor response and resistance pathways". Nitric Oxide. 43: 17–28. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2014.08.003. ISSN 1089-8603. PMC 4250314 . PMID 25153034.
- ↑ Johnson, Gail M.; Chozinski, Tyler J.; Gallagher, Elyssia S.; Aspinwall, Craig A.; Miranda, Katrina M. (November 2014). "Glutathione sulfinamide serves as a selective, endogenous biomarker for nitroxyl after exposure to therapeutic levels of donors". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 76: 299–307. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.022. ISSN 0891-5849. PMC 4254043 . PMID 25064322.
- 1 2 "Katrina M-Miranda | BIO5". www.bio5.org. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
- ↑ "Developing Anticancer Drugs | Benefunder". www.benefunder.com. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
- 1 2 "The Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers: Recipient Details | NSF - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
- ↑ Miranda, Katrina (2008-03-31). Chemical Biology of Nitric Oxide (1st ed.). Garland Science. ISBN 9780815341475.
- ↑ "The University of Arizona Foundation - Gift Impact Article". www.uafoundation.org. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
- ↑ December 2018, Rebecca Trager11. "Chemistry prof sues for $20m over alleged gender discrimination". Chemistry World. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "U of Arizona is being sued once again for alleged discrimination against women in terms of salary and promotions". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
