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Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. By analogy,the term is used in human reproduction,but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences that may arise from expression of deleterious recessive traits resulting from incestuous sexual relationships and consanguinity. Animals avoid incest only rarely.
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea,a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae,found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. Picea is the sole genus in the subfamily Piceoideae. Spruces are large trees,from about 20 to 60 m tall when mature,and have whorled branches and conical form.
Inbred strains are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating,at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous,and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. Some inbred strains have been bred for over 150 generations,leaving individuals in the population to be isogenic in nature. Inbred strains of animals are frequently used in laboratories for experiments where for the reproducibility of conclusions all the test animals should be as similar as possible. However,for some experiments,genetic diversity in the test population may be desired. Thus outbred strains of most laboratory animals are also available,where an outbred strain is a strain of an organism that is effectively wildtype in nature,where there is as little inbreeding as possible.
A quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a locus that correlates with variation of a quantitative trait in the phenotype of a population of organisms. QTLs are mapped by identifying which molecular markers correlate with an observed trait. This is often an early step in identifying the actual genes that cause the trait variation.
A DNA segment is identical by state (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical nucleotide sequences in this segment. An IBS segment is identical by descent (IBD) in two or more individuals if they have inherited it from a common ancestor without recombination,that is,the segment has the same ancestral origin in these individuals. DNA segments that are IBD are IBS per definition,but segments that are not IBD can still be IBS due to the same mutations in different individuals or recombinations that do not alter the segment.
Molecular ecology is a field of evolutionary biology that is concerned with applying molecular population genetics,molecular phylogenetics,and more recently genomics to traditional ecological questions. It is virtually synonymous with the field of "Ecological Genetics" as pioneered by Theodosius Dobzhansky,E. B. Ford,Godfrey M. Hewitt,and others. These fields are united in their attempt to study genetic-based questions "out in the field" as opposed to the laboratory. Molecular ecology is related to the field of conservation genetics.
Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness that has the potential to result from inbreeding. Biological fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive and perpetuate its genetic material. Inbreeding depression is often the result of a population bottleneck. In general,the higher the genetic variation or gene pool within a breeding population,the less likely it is to suffer from inbreeding depression,though inbreeding and outbreeding depression can simultaneously occur.
Populus trichocarpa,the black cottonwood,western balsam-poplar or California poplar,is a deciduous broadleaf tree species native to western North America. It is used for timber,and is notable as a model organism in plant biology.
Plant genetics is the study of genes,genetic variation,and heredity specifically in plants. It is generally considered a field of biology and botany,but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems. Plant genetics is similar in many ways to animal genetics but differs in a few key areas.
The effective selfing model is a mathematical model that describes the mating system of a plant population in terms of the degree of self-fertilisation present.
A recombinant inbred strain or recombinant inbred line (RIL) is an organism with chromosomes that incorporate an essentially permanent set of recombination events between chromosomes inherited from two or more inbred strains. F1 and F2 generations are produced by intercrossing the inbred strains;pairs of the F2 progeny are then mated to establish inbred strains through long-term inbreeding.
Quantitative trait loci mapping or QTL mapping is the process of identifying genomic regions that potentially contain genes responsible for important economic,health or environmental characters. Mapping QTLs is an important activity that plant breeders and geneticists routinely use to associate potential causal genes with phenotypes of interest. Family-based QTL mapping is a variant of QTL mapping where multiple-families are used.
(+)-Car-3-ene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing,(+)-car-3-ene-forming]. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Genetic purging is the reduction of the frequency of a deleterious allele,caused by an increased efficiency of natural selection prompted by inbreeding.
The Infinite sites model (ISM) is a mathematical model of molecular evolution first proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1969. Like other mutation models,the ISM provides a basis for understanding how mutation develops new alleles in DNA sequences. Using allele frequencies,it allows for the calculation of heterozygosity,or genetic diversity,in a finite population and for the estimation of genetic distances between populations of interest.
Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) Genome-based restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) is a statistical method for heritability estimation in genetics,which quantifies the total additive contribution of a set of genetic variants to a trait. GCTA is typically applied to common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a genotyping array and thus termed "chip" or "SNP" heritability.
Arabidopsis thaliana is a first class model organism and the single most important species for fundamental research in plant molecular genetics.
A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species,which is assembled into chromosomes and other organelles by using DNA fragments that are obtained from different types of sequencing technology.
Sexual selection in Arabidopsis thaliana is a mode of natural selection by which the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana selects mates to maximize reproductive success.
Genome sequencing of endangered species is the application of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies in the field of conservation biology,with the aim of generating life history,demographic and phylogenetic data of relevance to the management of endangered wildlife.
References
- ↑ "Ritland, Kermit".
- ↑ "Dr. Kermit Ritland".
- ↑ "What Makes a White Bear White".
- 1 2 "University of British Columbia".
- ↑ "Kermit Ritland Professor".
- ↑ "A model for the estimation of outcrossing rate and gene frequencies using n independent loci".
- ↑ "Estimators for pairwise relatedness and individual inbreeding coefficients".
- ↑ "Estimation of Pairwise Relatedness With Molecular Markers".
- ↑ "Extensions of models for the estimation of mating systems using n independent loci".
- ↑ "Long-distance gene flow and adaptation of forest trees to rapid climate change".
- ↑ "The Genome of Black Cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa".
- ↑ "The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution".
- ↑ "Assembling the 20 Gb white spruce (Picea glauca) genome from whole-genome shotgun sequencing data".
- ↑ "Correlated matings in the partial selfer Mimulus guttatu".
- ↑ "Robust simple sequence repeat markers for spruce (Picea spp.) from expressed sequence tags".
- ↑ "Global transcript profiling of primary stems from Arabidopsis thaliana identifies candidate genes for missing links in lignin biosynthesis and transcriptional regulators of fiber differentiation".