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Khadija Sultana | |||||
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Bari Sahib | |||||
Consort of the Adil Shahi Sultan | |||||
Tenure | 1633 – 4 November 1656 | ||||
Regent and mother of the Ali Adil Shah | |||||
Reign | 1656 – late 1650s | ||||
Born | 1600 | ||||
Died | 1665/1669 Bijapur, Adil Shahi Sultanate | ||||
Spouse | Mohammed Adil Shah | ||||
Children | Ali Adil Shah II | ||||
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Dynasty | Qutb Shahi (by birth) Adil Shahi (by marriage) | ||||
Father | Muhammad Qutb Shah | ||||
Religion | Islam |
Khadija Sultana (1600 - died after 1665) was the regent of the Bijapur Sultanate between 1656 and 1661.
She was the daughter of Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah, married to Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur and possible mother of Ali Adil Shah II, and acted as the regent for him during his minority. [1]
Khadija Sultana was the daughter of Muhammad Qutb Shah of Golkonda (1593-1626) and an unknown mother. In 1633 she married Sultan Muhammad Adil Shah of Bijapur (1613-1656) who ruled as the Sultan of Bijapur from 1626 to 1656. She was of the highest rank among his wives holding the title Bari Sahiba or Bari Sahib. [2] In late 1635 or early 1636, she played a key role in a palace coup in which a minister, Khawas Khan, was deposed.
Following her husband's death in 1656, she became regent of the Bijapur Sultanate for his son and heir Ali Adil Shah II who was still a minor. It is unknown whether he was Khadija's biological son or not. According to a contemporary English source, Ali was the son of Muhammad and one of his concubines. Rumors began circulating that he was illegitimate, which was taken as an excuse by the Mughal emperor to invade the Bijapur Sultanate. Khadija was allied with the Dutch company, and in 1659 sent troops to the company's attack on Goa. Her regency ended in 1661. During a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1661, she was transported on one of the Dutch company's ships. It was exceptional, not only because members of Indian dynasties often only used their own ships on their way to Mecca, but also because she, as a Muslim woman, travelled with non-Muslim men. She and her female staff were taken on board the boat between a corridor of screens, to a boat that was also equipped with a tent. It is unknown how much contact Khadija had with the Dutch staff on board, but a Dutch helmsman and an English sailor during the voyage converted to Islam and stopped when the ship docked in Mecca. This resulted in an international scandal, as this would have been due to Khadija. Even years later, Khadija denied any involvement.
Khadija returned in 1662 on an Indian ship back to Bijapur. She traveled in 1663 to Persia and the holy Shia sites of Iraq such as the city of Karbala. The traces of her cease in 1665.
Dutch translations of three of her letters to Dutch East India Company officials survive in the Company archives in Jakarta and The Hague. They seem to be all that is left of her writing. They are highly polished in the Persian letter writing tradition. We also have other indications of a rich intellectual life. The Dutch East India Company employee and travel writer Johan Nieuhof noted her intelligence as it appeared from her dictating letters in various languages. [3] Moreover, two manuscript volumes in the National Museum in Delhi bear her seal and must therefore have been part of her library. [4]
The Deccan sultanates were five late-medieval Indian kingdoms—on the Deccan Plateau between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range—that were created from the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate and ruled by Muslim dynasties: namely Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. The sultanates had become independent during the break-up of the Bahmani Sultanate. The five sultanates owed their existence to the declaration of independence of Ahmadnagar in 1490, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golconda became independent in 1518, and Bidar in 1528.
The Qutb Shahi dynasty was a Persianate Shia Islamic dynasty of Turkoman origin that ruled the Sultanate of Golkonda in southern India. After the collapse of the Bahmani Sultanate, the Qutb Shahi dynasty was established in 1512 AD by Sultan-Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, better known in English, though less correctly referred to, as "Quli Qutb Shah".
The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi, was the reigning dynasty of the Sultanate of Bijapur in the western Deccan and South India from 1489 to 1686. Bijapur had been a taraf (province) of the Bahmani Sultanate prior to its independence and was a member of the Deccan Sultanates, the collective name of the five successor states of the Bahmani Sultanate, before its political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century and eventual break-up in 1518. The Bijapur Sultanate was fully absorbed into the Mughal Empire on 12 September 1686, after its conquest by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, also known as Abul Hasan Tana Shah was the eighth and last ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty, sovereign of the Kingdom of Golconda in South India. He ruled from 1672 to 1686. The last Sultan of this Shia Islamic dynasty, Tana Shah is remembered as an inclusive ruler. Instead of appointing only Muslims as ministers, he appointed Brahmin Hindus such as Madanna and Akkanna brothers as ministers in charge of tax collection and exchequer. Towards the end of his reign, one of his Muslim generals defected to the Mughal Empire, who then complained to Aurangzeb about the rising power of the Hindus as ministers in his Golconda Sultanate. Aurangzeb sent a regiment led by his son, who beheaded Tana Shah's Hindu ministers and plundered the Sultanate. In 1687, Aurangzeb ordered an arrest of Tana Shah, who was then imprisoned at the Daulatabad Fort. He died in prison in 1699.
Rama Raya (a Veerashaiva devotee and lingayat Vani by caste) was a statesman of the Vijayanagara Empire, the son-in-law of Emperor Krishna Deva Raya and the progenitor of the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire, the fourth and last dynasty of the empire. As a regent, he was the de facto ruler of the empire from 1542 to 1565, although legally the emperor during this period was Sadasiva Raya, who was merely a puppet ruler. Rama Raya was killed at the Battle of Talikota, after which the Vijayanagara Empire got fragmented into several semi-independent principalities paying only nominal allegiance to the empire.
Ibrahim Adil Shah II was Sultan of the Sultanate of Bijapur and a member of the Adil Shahi dynasty. Under his reign the dynasty had its greatest period as he extended its frontier as far south as Mysore. He was a skilful administrator, artist, poet and a generous patron of the arts. He reverted to the Sunni orthodoxy of Islam, but remained tolerant of other religions, including Christianity. However, during his reign high-ranking Shiite immigrants became unwelcome and in 1590, he ordered the confinement of criers who read the khutba in the Shia form. After his reign, increasing weakness permitted Mughal encroachment and the successful revolt of the Maratha king Shivaji, who killed the Bijapur general Afzal Khan and scattered his army. The dynasty left a tradition of cosmopolitan culture and artistic patronage whose architectural remains are to be seen in the capital city of Bijapur.
Sultana Chand Bibi was an Indian ruler and warrior. She acted as the Regent of Bijapur Sultanate during the minority of Ibrahim Adil Shah II in 1580-1590, and regent of Ahmednagar Sultanate during the minority of her great nephew Bahadur Shah in 1595-1600. Chand Bibi is best known for defending Ahmednagar against the Mughal forces of Emperor Akbar in 1595.
Ali Adil Shah II was the 8th Sultan of Bijapur. He succeeded to the throne of Bijapur through the efforts of the Prime Minister Khan Muhammad and the Queen, Badi Sahiba, sister of Qutb Shah of Golkonda on the death of Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur on 4 November 1656.
Madanna and Akkanna were two Brahmin brothers who rose to prominence in the 17th-century in the final two decades of the Golkonda sultanate. They helped Abul Hasan Qutb Shah come to power, who appointed them as ministers in his court. He made them responsible for collecting jizya taxes from the Hindus – predominant part of the Sultanate's population. By the 1680s, according to the colonial era Dutch India archives, they controlled all the tax collection and the exchequer of the Golkonda Sultanate. According to Gijs Kruijtzer – a historian specializing in Deccan Sultanates, the Madanna and Akkanna brothers can be viewed as early "nationalists" seeking the welfare of their people and the general public. They can also be viewed as "communalists" who criticized the Muslim elites as exploitative who do not care about non-Muslims, who serve the interest of their holy land in Arabia, and seek personal gain. The two brothers spent the taxes they collected in Golconda on the "welfare of the public", states Kruijtzer, which included furthering trade with the colonial Dutch, building public sarai, as well as restoring and building temples.
The siege of Bijapur began in March 1685 and ended in September 1686 with a Mughal victory. The siege began when Aurangzeb dispatched his son, Muhammad Azam Shah, with a force of nearly 50,000 men to capture Bijapur Fort and defeat Sikandar Adil Shah, the then ruler of Bijapur, who refused to be a vassal of the Mughal Empire. The siege of Bijapur was among the longest military engagements of the Mughals, lasting more than 15 months until Aurangzeb personally arrived to organize a victory.
Events from the year 1590 in India.
Hussain Nizam Shah I was the preeminent ruler of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate and the leading figure of the coalition of the Deccan Sultanates during the Battle of Talikota. Notably, Hussain Nizam Shah was responsible for taking prisoner and beheading Rama Raya of Vijayanagara after the Battle of Talikota.
Mahmood Shah or Shihab-Ud-Din Mahmud was the sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate from 1482 until his death in 1518. His long rule is noted for the disintegration of the sultanate and the creation of the independent Deccan sultanates.
Deccan painting or Deccani painting is the form of Indian miniature painting produced in the Deccan region of Central India, in the various Muslim capitals of the Deccan sultanates that emerged from the break-up of the Bahmani Sultanate by 1520. These were Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar. The main period was between the late 16th century and the mid-17th, with something of a revival in the mid-18th century, by then centred on Hyderabad.
Khunza Humayun Begum also known as Kurja Sultana, Khanzada Humayun Sultana and Khunzah Humayun, was the regent of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate between 1565 and 1571, during the minority of her son sultan Murtaza Nizam Shah I.
Ibrahim Rauza is a funerary complex featuring a mausoleum and a mosque, which are very similar in style, with a fountain between them. Following the example of many Indo-Islamic monuments, the complex is raised on a plinth within an enclosed gated space.
The Deccani–Vijayanagar wars were a series of wars between 1495 to 1678 that pitted the rival powers of the Deccan Sultanates against the Vijayanagar Empire. Over the course of approximately 120 years, these two entities engaged in a series of wars and skirmishes that were marked by significant displays of military strength and strategic maneuvering.