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A stock exchange, securities exchange, or bourse, is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Stock exchanges may also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of such securities and instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by listed companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds. Stock exchanges often function as "continuous auction" markets with buyers and sellers consummating transactions via open outcry at a central location such as the floor of the exchange or by using an electronic trading platform.
China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd. or China Unicom is a Chinese state-owned telecommunications operator. Started as a wireless paging and GSM mobile operator, it currently provides a range of services including mobile network, long-distance, local calling, data communication, Internet services, and IP telephony.
The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) is a stock exchange based in the city of Shanghai, China. It is one of the three stock exchanges operating independently in mainland China, the others being the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's 3rd largest stock market by market capitalization at US$7.62 trillion as of July 2021. It is also Asia's biggest stock exchange. Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is still not entirely open to foreign investors and often affected by the decisions of the central government, due to capital account controls exercised by the Chinese mainland authorities.
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) is a partially state-owned publicly-listed Chinese pure-play semiconductor foundry company. It is the largest contract chip maker in mainland China.
Red chip stocks are the stocks of mainland China companies incorporated outside mainland China and listed in Hong Kong. It refers to businesses based in mainland China and with (majority) shares controlled either directly or indirectly by a government body. This controlling entity could be one or more combinations of the central, provincial or municipal mainland government, with the company listed in Hong Kong to allow private and overseas investment.
Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index or HSCACI is a stock index of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong for red chip companies listed on the exchange, which are incorporated outside of mainland China, such as in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, or Hong Kong, but are majority-owned by the central or regional government of the People's Republic of China.
A shares, also known as domestic shares are shares that are denominated in Renminbi and traded in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, as well as the National Equities Exchange and Quotations.
H shares refer to the shares of companies incorporated in mainland China that are traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Many companies float their shares simultaneously on the Hong Kong market and one of the two mainland Chinese stock exchanges in Shanghai or Shenzhen, they are known as A+H companies.
Sinotruk Limited is a Hong Kong truck manufacturer incorporated in 2007. The subsidiaries of Sinotruk manufactures trucks in Mainland China. Its parent company, China National Heavy Duty Truck Group, is a Chinese state-owned heavy truck manufacturer, headquartered in Jinan, Shandong Province.
China Concepts Stock is a set of stock of companies whose assets or earnings have significant activities in mainland China. The People's Republic of China is undergoing major financial transformation, and many leading mainland-based companies have chosen to list themselves overseas to gain access to foreign investor capital. Currently, there are China Concepts Stocks listed on several major stock exchanges around the globe, including the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx), Singapore Exchange (SGX), New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), NASDAQ, NYSE MKT, London Stock Exchange (LSE), Euronext, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE).
Hang Seng China Enterprises Index is a stock market index of The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong for H share only. H share is a class of ordinary share of the mainland China incorporated company that only traded outside the mainland China; all of these companies were majority owned by the central or regional Chinese government. In contrast, civilian-run enterprises of the mainland China listed their companies in Hong Kong using "foreign"-incorporated holding companies as P chip ; those using the same method but majority owned by the central or regional Chinese government, was known as red chip; red chip had their own separated index.
Imagination Technologies Limited is a British semiconductor and software design company owned by Canyon Bridge Capital Partners, a private equity fund based in Beijing that is ultimately owned by the Chinese government. With its global headquarters in Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom, its primary business is in the design of PowerVR mobile graphics processors (GPUs), neural network accelerators for AI processing, and networking routers. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired in November 2017 by Canyon Bridge.
S chips are Chinese companies listed on the Singapore Exchange. Their shares are known as S shares. S chips are incorporated in Singapore, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands and Bermuda and have their business operations in mainland China.
The term P chip refers to Chinese companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange which are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, Bermuda and the British Virgin Islands with operations in mainland China, and are run by private sector Chinese businessmen. During the financial crisis of 2007–2010, P chips showed a dramatic increase in the rate of bankruptcy failures as compared to H shares or red chips.
N-Shares refers to Chinese companies listed on the NYSE, NASDAQ, or the NYSE MKT. The term stands for New York. They may or may not be incorporated in China, but they have their main business operations in mainland China. Most of them are incorporated in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Nevada or Delaware. If they have been incorporated in mainland China, they trade as ADRs of H Shares. If they have been incorporated in Hong Kong, they trade as ADRs of Red chips. If they have been incorporated in Nevada, Delaware or Florida, they might have originated as reverse mergers. Most N-Shares are the American exchange equivalent of P-Chips.
G shares refers to shares traded in the stock exchanges of mainland China that belong to companies that have accomplished stock right division reforms, and have regained business on the market. Owing to the provisional designation of the letter "G" for such stocks during testing of a proposed bill, the category of industries were referred to as the "G board", and the shares as "G shares".
B shares on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges refers to those that are traded in foreign currencies. Shares that are traded on the two mainland Chinese stock exchanges in Renminbi, the currency in mainland China, are called A shares.
FTSE China A50 Index is a stock market index by FTSE Group, the components were chosen from Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange, which issue A-share; B-share were not included.
China Development Bank International Investment Limited is a Cayman Islands-incorporated investment company headquartered in Hong Kong. It was listed company on the Hong Kong stock exchange since 1994, and is a red chip company.
References
- ↑ Su, Dongwei (2003). Chinese stock markets: a research handbook. World Scientific. p. 9. ISBN 978-981-02-4512-2.
- ↑ "Eastlaw.net - China's Securities Experiment: Challenges of the WTO". Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-10-31.